民间信仰文化景观的时空演变及对社会文化空间的整合——以明至民国初期佛山神庙为视角

明代以来佛山的民间信仰迅速发展,神庙系统庞杂,既有广府民系的属性,又反映出商品经济高度发达的特征,对佛山城市发展产生了影响。从古地图和文献中提取历史时期基本空间数据和神庙等文化景观地理信息,建立佛山历史GIS数据库。通过景观复原、地图再现、空间分析和景观分析等方法,以神庙景观为视角,研究表明:明代至民国初年,神庙景观基本上以祖庙铺和明心铺及其周围地带为核心,呈自南向北逐渐扩展的分布总趋势,并与佛山城市社会空间发展相一致,逐渐形成了以佛山祖庙为中心的北帝信仰文化景观的核心地位。通过对北帝巡游路径空间的解读,反映出佛山民间信仰场域的构成,以北帝信仰为纽带,形成了以祖庙为中心的"中心—四方"空间形式,整合了佛山的城市社会文化空间。     

THE DISCUSSION FOR THE NEW ACTIVITY OF THE TIANQUAN SEGMENT OF LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE 1327 TIANQUAN EARTHQUAKE,SICHUAN

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred along the Longmen Shan fault zone, only five years later, another M7 Lushan earthquake struck the southern segment where its seismic risk has been highly focused by multiple geoscientists since this event. Through geological investigations and paleoseismic trenching, we suggest that the segment along the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault at south of the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake is active during Holocene. Along the fault, some discontinuous fault trough valleys developed and the fault dislocated the late Quaternary strata as the trench exposed. Based on analysis of historical records of earthquakes, we suggest that the epicenter of the 1327 Tianquan earthquake should be located near Tianquan and associated with the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault. Furthermore, we compared the ranges of felt earthquakes(the 2013 M7 Lushan earthquake and the 1970 M_S6.2 Dayi earthquake)and suggest that the magnitude of the 1327 Tianquan earthquake is more possible between 6½ and 7. The southern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone behaves as a thrust fault system consisting of several sub-paralleled faults and its deep structure shows multiple layers of decollement, which might disperse strain accumulation effectively and make the thrust system propagate forward into the foreland basin, creating a new decollement on a gypsum-salt bed. The soft bed is thick and does not facilitate to constrain fault deformation and accumulate strain, which produces a weak surface tectonic expression and seismic activity along the southern segment, this is quite different from that of the middle and northern segments of the Longmen Shan fault zone.     

张衡地动仪(2)：史料和考证

Historical data regarding Zhang Heng＇s seismoscope is not singular proof. Actually, the four earliest historical documents, i. e. , Continuation of Historiography of Han Dynasty, Historiography of the Later Han, Book of the Later Han and Ding Record all have relevant records of its structure, size, principle, response to earthquake and actual applications. These five aspects are supported by archaeological research, unearthed cultural relics, historical earthquakes and modern seismological study. These historical materials contain a great deal of specific information about this ancient seismoscope. In conclusion, the authenticity and reliability of Zhang Heng＇s seismoscope are verified.     

Deposition rate and interaction of human-riverine from height increase and permanent function of an 1180 years weir in Southeast China

This paper is to present an efficient approach to enriching the quantification model of human-riverine interactions and its anthropogenic impact by a retrospective study on one of the four most famous historical hydraulic projects in China,the Tuoshan Weir.It was constructed in 833 AD and had trajectories of natural resilience and hydraulic engineering maturity more than thousand years.Extensive historical data and maturation procedure of the hydraulic system were used judiciously to examine the spatial patterns of the long-term water conservancy system with agriculture,urbanization and civilization of Ningbo City in Zhejiang Province,Southeast China.Interaction framework is assessed from historical perspective and the deposition rate(DR)is calculated by analyzing the continuous increase of the Tuoshan Weir height.The results show that the declining DR during the 1180 years guaranteed the beneficial role the Tuoshan Weir played in spite of some negative river responses caused by the increase of sediment deposition and decrease of fresh water-retention capacity.The following up revamped workings and well matured hydraulic system around the Tuoshan Weir also contribute a lot to the designed mission of the weir.We conclude that hydraulic system maturation is very important for the proper function and life span of huge hydraulic projects.     

京奉铁路之历史地理研究(1881-1912年)

京奉铁路是近代中国第一条干线铁路,全长840 km,起始于1881年的唐胥铁路建设,经历许多波折,兴建时间长达31年,可以视为近代中国铁路发展的缩影。在中国近代化的过程之中,近代交通的发展受到守旧派的阻力相当巨大,其中铁路建设阻力更大。京奉铁路从清帝国首都北京修筑至陪都盛京,并非一帆风顺,而是在各种错综复杂的因素影响下艰难分段延展。在地理空间的展布上,京奉铁路的路线走向受到多种因素的影响,其中包含政治因素、军事因素、经济因素、地理因素、风俗习惯等。本研究将藉助GIS,对相关区域旧版大比例尺地形图(包含战前日本所制的地形图在内)做定位与套迭,取得旧日铁路路线、城垣、河道、皇家苑囿等地理信息进行分析,探讨影响京奉铁路路线与各种因素的关系。在地图资料之外,本研究将与其他的文字史料相互参照,以分析在唐山—胥各庄段、北京附近、以及奉天附近三个研究区域里,前述各种因素对京奉铁路发展上的影响。     

An approach to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical forest in Northeast China

The spatially explicit reconstruction of historical land-cover datasets plays an important role in studying the climatic and ecological effects of land-use and land-cover change（LUCC）. Using potential natural vegetation（PNV） and satellite-based land use data, we determined the possible maximum distribution extent of forest cover in the absence of human disturbance. Subsequently, topography and climate factors were selected to assess the suitability of land for cultivation. Finally, a historical forest area allocation model was devised on the basis of the suitability of land for cultivation. As a case study, we used the historical forest area allocation model to reconstruct forest cover for 1780 and 1940 in Northeast China with a 10-km resolution. To validate the model, we compared satellite-based forest cover data with our reconstruction for 2000. A one-sample t-test of absolute bias showed that the two-tailed significance was 0.12, larger than the significant level 0.05, suggesting that the model has strong ability to capture the spatial distribution of forests. In addition, we calculated the relative difference of our reconstruction at the county scale for 1780 in Northeast China. The number of counties whose relative difference ranged from-30% to 30% is 99, accounting for 74.44% of all counties. These findings demonstrated that the provincial forest area could be transformed into forest cover maps well using the model.     

历史文化街区游客的地方感特征——以广州荔枝湾涌为例

近年来历史文化街区成为中国城市旅游的热点,但其过于商业化的发展模式也受到普遍质疑。文章以广州荔枝湾涌为例,采用问卷调查,分别从景观环境、社会人文、旅游功能和地方依恋等4个维度对游客的地方感特征进行了分析,发现随着年龄的增长,文化水平的提高,游客更为关注景区的社会人文环境和景区给予的情感体验;逗留时间越长,对景区环境的评价更低;随着客源地距离的增加,游客的地方依恋逐渐下降。进而指出环境质量的提升使游客对荔枝湾涌的风景与环境有了较高的感知与认同,在对历史文化、景区特色及旅游秩序满意的同时,也表现出了对文化遗产保护效果、景区的商业及其他配套服务功能的失望。进一步提出历史文化街区的旅游发展,应充分挖掘和展示地方独特的文化特质,加强地方性营造,完善配套设施,合理确定旅游市场定位,挖掘旅游发展潜力。在传承城市历史文化的同时,增强城市历史文化旅游的特色和持续吸引力。     

浅谈地貌筛分与复原——李四光学术思想的传承与创新

李四光的学术体系博大精深,科学思路独树一帜,研究方法系统全面,十分值得传承和创新。其亮点之一就是构造筛分。构造筛分指的是把各不同时期形成的构造从复合构造中按先后顺序分离出来。该思路在复杂构造区研究显得更为重要。构造筛分的思想在地貌学研究中也有重要的指导意义。地貌学是一门四维科学,它不仅要从三维空间的角度去研究地貌的点、线、面、体等四要素,而且还要从时间的角度,研究地貌的过去、现在和未来。论文以地貌学时间维作主线,以华南沿海地区宏观地貌（水系、夷平面、晚中生代花岗岩穹窿山、晚白垩世-古近纪红层盆地、晚第四纪盆地等）为例,通过对新老嵌合的复合地貌以及地貌形成的内、外动力作用的筛分,恢复不同阶段地形原貌并发展历史,探讨地貌发展规律、机理和大地构造背景。研究表明,尽管华南沿海地貌类型繁多,新老嵌合,成因复杂,但却显示了一幅和谐统一的图像,显示了筛分思路在地貌学研究的指导意义。文章最后讨论地貌学时间维研究以及科学理论的传承与创新等哲学问题,指出,纪念李四光,更重要的是传承他思想方法和科学方法的精髓,而不拘泥于个别问题,从而促进在中国学者原始创新的道路上大步向前迈进。      

湖南长沙、衡阳地区1888～1916年的春季植物物候与气候变化

文章根据清代王闿运所著《湘绮楼日记》中的湖南长沙、衡阳地区的春季物候记录,重建了该地区1888～ 1916年的春季植物物候距平序列。分析发现,1888～1916年春季植物物候期平均较现代推迟3.22d,其中1890年 代迟4.89d,1900年代迟2.22d,1910年代迟4.29d。进而推算,长沙、衡阳地区1888～1916年的春季比现代冷,平 均气温低0.37℃。该结果可使长沙地区的年代际春季温度序列延长到1890年代。     

陕北统万城地区历史自然景观及毛乌素沙漠迁移速率

十六国时期夏国都城--统万城位于陕西省靖边 县城北无定河北岸,今天的自然景观属 于沙漠,仅存稀疏的次生灌丛和草本群落。但是,在约1600年以前,当地为温带干草原, 在塬面或山丘上分布有侧柏林,沟谷、河岸边生长喜温湿的乔木,河流、湖泊、沼泽中水生 植物繁盛,在丘间低洼处或盐碱土上分布有灌木和草本植物。当时该地区的年平均温度为7 8℃～9.3℃,最热月平均温度23.0℃～24.9℃,最冷月平均温度-12℃～-5.6℃,年 较差285℃～38.2℃,年 降雨量403.4～550.0 mm,最大月降雨量83.8～123.9 mm,最小月降雨量为4.4～1 2.2 mm。 当时的年平均温度比现在高出0.2℃～0.7℃,年降雨量也高出60～100 mm。如此的历史景 观今天 已经向南迁移,侧柏林或森林草原退缩至延安以南。在此近 1600年的时间里,毛乌素沙漠 分布范围不断扩大,其南部边缘推进了约200 km,推测沙漠扩展的速率达到平均125 m/ a。