Seismic demand models for probabilistic risk analysis of near fault vertical ground motion effects on ordinary highway bridges

The influence of vertical ground motions on the seismic response of highway bridges is not very well understood. Recent studies suggest that vertical ground motions can substantially increase force and moment demands on bridge columns and girders and cannot be overlooked in seismic design of bridge structures. For an evaluation of vertical ground motion effects on the response of single‐bent two‐span highway bridges, a systematic study combining the critical engineering demand parameters (EDPs) and ground motion intensity measures (IMs) is required. Results of a parametric study examining a range of highway bridge configurations subjected to selected sets of horizontal and vertical ground motions are used to determine the structural parameters that are significantly amplified by the vertical excitations. The amplification in these parameters is modeled using simple equations that are functions of horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations at the corresponding horizontal and vertical fundamental periods of the bridge. This paper describes the derivation of seismic demand models developed for typical highway overcrossings by incorporating critical EDPs and combined effects of horizontal and vertical ground motion IMs depending on the type of the parameter and the period of the structure. These models may be used individually as risk‐based design tools to determine the probability of exceeding the critical levels of EDP for pre‐determined levels of ground shaking or may be included explicitly in probabilistic seismic risk assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure

The wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure, Expo Boulevard, are evaluated in this study. To obtain the wind pressure distribution on the roof surface, a wind tunnel test is performed. A brief analysis of wind pressure on the membrane roof is conducted first and then an analysis of the wind-induced responses of the structure is carried out using a numerical integral method in the time domain. In the process of calculation, the geometrical nonlinearity is taken into account. Results indicate that mean, RSM and peak values of the structure responses increase nonlinearly while the approaching flow velocity increases. Strong nonlinear characteristics are observed in the displacement responses, whereas the responses of nodal stress and cable axial force show minimal nonlinear properties when the membrane structure is subjected to wind loads. Different values of the damping ratio only have a minimal impact on the RSM response of the structure because the background component is a dominant part of the total dynamic response and the resonant component is too small. As the damping ratio increases from 0.02 to 0.05, the RMS responses of vertical displacement, nodal stress and cable axial force decrease by 8.1%, 6.7% and 17.9%, respectively. Since the mean component plays a significant role in the wind-induced response, the values of the gust response factor are not high for Expo Boulevard.     

某水工隧洞爆破震动对周边建筑物影响的试验分析

隧道开挖时的爆破震动对周边建筑物安全影响很大,但目前对不同爆破参数、周边建筑的距离与爆破开挖之间关系的研究成果不多,实际工程中也难以把握。以宁夏固原市某水工隧道工程为依托,采用现场试验的方法,对地表关键位置质点爆破振动频率与振动速度进行测试和分析。结果表明:(1)经测试发现房屋主振频率在10~60Hz间,而一般房屋建筑的频率均小于10Hz,说明此次试验中爆破震动不能与房屋产生共振。(2)对试验数据进行分析,并依据爆破震动规范安全振速标准进行判别,发现此次试验中土坯房的安全距离为160 m,一般砖房为60 m。研究结果可为隧道爆破的设计与施工提供理论依据,为类似隧道的爆破工程及解决由爆破引起的纠纷提供借鉴。     

井筒冻结孔解冻涌水发生机制及其控制技术

针对冻结井筒解冻后频繁发生涌水灾害的情况,通过工程实例分析了冻结技术、井筒地层条件及解冻涌水特征。结果表明,涌水发生是由于解冻后冻结止水帷幕失效,冻结管周围地层介质渗透性增强,介质接触界面粘结强度降低而致界面缝隙扩大连通,使冻结钻孔连通含、隔水层而形成竖向导水通道,通道内高压水通过井筒薄弱部位发生涌水。采取在井筒外围适宜地层开挖环形巷道,在环形巷道内逐个切断冻结管并向冻结管内外注浆加固,最后将环形巷道用混凝土回填,形成人工隔水塞层。利用RFPA^2D-Flow渗流耦合模型验证了该治理方案的可行性,且利用FLAC^3D程序计算出环形巷道距离井壁7.50 m是最佳开凿位置。经该措施处理后的井筒涌水由原来的90 m³/h降低至2 m³/h,且井筒保持了稳定。     

既有路基下浅埋隧道开挖引起地层的位移及应力解析解

在既有公路下进行浅埋隧道开挖会引起地层产生位移,导致地表沉降。为了保证施工安全,快速精确地计算地层位移及应力,有效地控制地表沉降,对浅埋隧道的设计与施工均十分重要。在镜像法原理的基础上,引入等效模量当层法,推导出了在有上覆不同材料下浅埋圆形隧道开挖引起地层位移、应力及地表沉降的解析分布规律。计算结果表明,既有路基下开挖隧道引起地层产生的位移和应力解析解能够很好地体现上层高弹性模量路基对沉降及应力的扩散作用,可以求得隧道开挖后洞周地层包括上覆路基及下卧层中任意位置处的位移、应力以及地表沉降,为在双层地基材料中开挖浅埋隧道引起地层位移及地表沉降的计算提供了一种新的解析方法。     

Overbreak and underbreak in underground openings Part 2: causes and implications

Summary The newly developed light sectioning method has been used to investigate some of the causes and costs of overbreak and underbreak. Investigations at the Aquamilpa Hydroelectric Project in Mexico have shown decreased overbreak and increased underbreak as a result of increased rock quality and decreased explosive energy. A new measure of explosive energy, the perimeter powder factor (PPF), has been defined and shown to be useful in the context of tunnel-wall rock damage. Tentative results indicate that explosive energy (PPF) may be a more important factor in producing underbreak, whereas rock quality may be a greater factor in producing overbreak. A site-specific equation is given for predicting overbreak or underbreak as a function of rock quality and explosive energy, with an evaluation of the cost of underbreak and overbreak.     

深埋隧洞即时型岩爆孕育过程的频谱演化特征

岩爆孕育过程中所记录的微震事件波形本身就包含着丰富的前兆信息。基于深埋隧洞微震波的衰减特征,修正了最大有效振幅,将相对有效振幅和最大有效频率作为频谱分析参数。TBM和钻爆法不同开挖方式下诱发的即时型岩爆孕育过程的频谱演化特征基本一致,有如下特征：（1）无岩爆发生时,每日最大释放能量微震事件频谱对应的相对有效振幅的量级为10-6 m/s及以下,而最大有效频率则多大于300 Hz;（2）中等岩爆发生前,相对有效振幅的量级维持在10-5 m/s,最大有效频率则介于200～300 Hz;（3）强烈岩爆发生前,微震事件对应相对有效振幅的量级增长并保持在10-4 m/s,最大有效频率则基本在200 Hz以下;（4）对于一个完整的即时型岩爆孕育过程,当岩爆发生时,相对有效振幅增至最大,同时最大有效频率降至最低。微震信号的频谱演化特征可为即时型岩爆发生时间及等级的预警提供参考和依据。     

西华岭隧道岩爆判据与预报研究

岩爆是地下工程掘进过程中所遇到的一种动力地质灾害,极大地威胁着施工人员和设备的安全。论述了岩爆的定义、特征及作用机理。结合国内外相关岩爆判据判定和理论分析,通过有限元数值模拟,对西华岭隧道开挖中是否会产生岩爆等施工地质灾害做出了最终的判定。     

暗挖隧道与邻近结构物相互作用研究现状及展望

软土中采用暗挖方式开挖隧道往往会引起土体变形。由于城市中暗挖隧道多建在建筑物高度集中的地区,土体变形对邻近既有结构物的损伤不容忽视。同时,既有暗挖隧道周围结构物的施工也不可避免地会引起隧道的变形和受力。文章主要阐述了目前暗挖隧道施工引起的土体变形对邻近地面建筑物、桩基、地下管线、既有隧道和基坑的影响以及邻近结构物施工对既有暗挖隧道影响的研究成果,并提出了需要进一步研究的课题及研究方法。     

龙潭隧道围岩收敛变形灰色系统预测模型

基于龙潭隧道开挖过程中的围岩收敛变形资料,通过对具有一定随机离散性和波动性的位移-时间顺序的数据列进行累加处理,建立了GM(1,1)灰色预报模型,预测了围岩收敛变形的未来趋势,并对预测位移进行一次累减,得到位移速率预测公式,预测围岩收敛趋于稳定的时间。两个断面的预测值和实测值的比较结果表明所建预测模型可取得比较好的效果。