五台山康家沟金矿成矿地质特征

五台绿岩带柏枝岩组火山喷气岩由基－中酸性火山岩及其凝灰岩和含电气石，金云母的石英大理岩组成，其中赋存有金矿床。康家沟金矿区已发现金矿体８个，呈透镜状，长５０－２００ｍ，厚０．２８－４．４ｍ，延深１０－２００ｍ。矿石类型可分为赤铁矿－石英型和碳酸盐两种。／     

Sediment‐rich meltwater plumes and ice‐proximal fans at the margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers: Observations and modelling

Turbid meltwater plumes and ice‐proximal fans occur where subglacial streams reach the grounded marine margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers. However, the spacing and temporal stability of these subglacial channels is poorly understood. This has significant implications for understanding the geometry and distribution of Quaternary and ancient ice‐proximal fans that can form important aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Remote‐sensing and numerical‐modelling techniques are applied to the 200 km long marine margin of a Svalbard ice cap, Austfonna, to quantify turbid meltwater‐plume distribution and predict its temporal stability. Results are combined with observations from geophysical data close to the modern ice front to refine existing depositional models for ice‐proximal fans. Plumes are spaced ca 3 km apart and their distribution along the ice front is stable over decades. Numerical modelling also predicts the drainage pattern and meltwater discharge beneath the ice cap; modelled water‐routing patterns are in reasonable agreement with satellite‐mapped plume locations. However, glacial retreat of several kilometres over the past 40 years has limited build‐up of significant ice‐proximal fans. A single fan and moraine ridge is noted from marine‐geophysical surveys. Closer to the ice front there are smaller recessional moraines and polygonal sediment lobes but no identifiable fans. Schematic models of ice‐proximal deposits represent varying glacier‐terminus stability: (i) stable terminus where meltwater sedimentation produces an ice‐proximal fan; (ii) quasi‐stable terminus, where glacier readvance pushes or thrusts up ice‐proximal deposits into a morainal bank; and (iii) retreating terminus, with short still‐stands, allowing only small sediment lobes to build up at melt‐stream portals. These modern investigations are complemented with outcrop and subsurface observations and numerical modelling of an ancient, Ordovician glacial system. Thick turbidite successions and large fans in the Late Ordovician suggest either high‐magnitude events or sustained high discharge, consistent with a relatively mild palaeo‐glacial setting for the former North African ice sheet.     

Magnetic characterisation and correlation of a Younger Dryas tephra in North Atlantic marine sediments

A technique for identifying non‐visible basaltic tephra‐rich horizons of Younger Dryas (YD)/Greenland Stadial (GS) 1 age in northeast Atlantic sediments using rapid, non‐destructive magnetic measurements is presented. Three high‐resolution marine sediment cores have been studied in an E–W transect across the Hebridean margin: St Kilda Basin (MD95‐2007), Barra Fan (MD95‐2006) and Rockall Trough (MD04‐2822). Magnetic susceptibilities and remanent magnetisations were measured at contiguous 1 cm resolution on bulk sediments. In all three cores, an interval with higher proportions of hard magnetic minerals coincides with a clearly defined peak in basaltic tephra shard (>250 µm) counts, which can be constrained to the early part of the YD/GS1 based on faunal climate proxies. Electron microprobe analyses of the magnetically distinct basaltic tephra interval, in all three cores, displays the same major element geochemistry as published for the Vedde basaltic (I Tab. 1), i.e. sourced from the Icelandic volcano Katla. The identification of transitional alkalic basaltic tephras within marine sediments could potentially be facilitated by magnetic analysis as a useful chronostratigraphic screening tool. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴西地区上干柴沟组上段咸水湖相烃源岩生烃条件研究

柴西地区上干柴沟组上段(N12)烃源岩的沉积水体环境为咸水湖相。其烃源岩的有机质总体丰度不高;有机质类型主要有腐殖腐泥型和腐殖型,具体分布受烃源岩所处位置及沉积环境控制;有机质成熟度多为未成熟-低成熟;有机质的烃转化率较高,反映其大部分有机质已经进入生烃门限,少量已经进入生烃高峰期。其烃源岩具有咸化湖泊相未熟-低熟有机质生烃的特点,而其生烃机理很可能是藻类生物类脂物和细菌的早期成烃。柴西地区上干柴沟组上段(N12)烃源岩作为该区未熟-低熟石油主要源岩之一,具有非常大的勘探潜力。     

Particulate metal speciation in surficial sediments from Loch Dee, southwest Scotland, U.K.

The geochemical partitioning of ten elements in stratified Holocene sediments from Loch Dee, southwest Scotland, has been established by use of a five-stage sequential extraction procedure. Samples from below 15 cm sediment depth show minimal evidence of modification by anthropogenic contamination or active diagenesis and hold Fe, Mg, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ni primarily in detrital silicates or organic complexes, while Mn, Ca, and Zn reside largely in adsorbed and reducible oxide phases. In the uppermost ca 15 cm of sediment, enhanced total concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb reflect increased atmospheric deposition during the postindustrial period. Of these metals, only Pb displays any notable adjustment of partitioning in the enriched zone, showing disproportionate accumulation in labile oxides and organic-Pb phases. The lack of Pb and Zn carbonates in the contaminated horizon may reflect inherent thermodynamic instability under the acid surface and pore-water conditions of Loch Dee. Increments to total Mn and Co in the surficial ca 5 cm of sediment are attributable to the accumulation of secondary oxides and adsorbed species, consistent with precipitation from the interstitial pore-waters across a sedimentary redox front. The presence of metals such as Zn and Cd in soluble or acid-volatile phases in the interfacial sediment has implications for the future management of the Loch Dee basin, with leaching into the overlying waters likely, given the continuation of current trends of lake acidification.     

陆相裂陷湖盆三级层序类型与发育模式——海拉尔盆地某凹陷为例

海拉尔盆地某坳陷是典型的白垩纪陆相湖盆。作者利用地震、单井等资料,对目标坳陷进行层序地层学的分析和研究,将该区早白垩纪地层划分出4个三级层序,并对每个层序特征及层序内部沉积特点进行了分析,在此基础上阐述了在该坳陷层序类型与层序发育模式。     

南海表层沉积物的沉降法和激光法粒度分析结果对比和校正

沉降法与激光法粒度分析的主要差异是黏土粒径,这个差异将直接影响到黏土、粉砂含量和沉积物类型。本文对激光法黏土粒径和含量及沉积物类型进行系统校正。南海东部水深〉2 000 m海域沉降法得出的砂、粉砂、黏土含量分别为3.66%、42.43%、53.91%,激光法砂、粉砂、黏土含量分别为9.26%、61.11%、29.64%...     

三亚近岸海域表层沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解三亚近岸海域沉积物地球化学特征,测定了331个站位的表层沉积物23种微量元素含量;利用多元统计法进行相关性及R型因子分析,探讨研究区元素的来源、分布特征及其控制因素。微量元素含量测定结果表明,Sr、Ba、Zr、Rb元素平均值比其他元素高;Be、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、Pb、U、Zr、Ba、Sc、V、Ga等15种元素含量与海南岛水系沉积物、表层土壤、深层土壤接近,推测沉积物主要来自海南岛。各元素在研究区的空间分布比较复杂,在中部和东部,以Li为代表的15种微量元素随离岸距离增加含量增大;Cd、Sb、Zr、Ba、Rb、Sr、As、Hg的分布特征与其他微量元素相比差异明显。Li等15种元素来源与分布主要受陆源黏土矿物吸附作用控制,Sr主要受海洋生源沉积作用的控制,Zr主要受重矿物的控制,Ba和Rb主要受研究区地质背景控制,而Cd和As的来源与分布则与人类活动有关。     

云南高原湖泊表层沉积物粒度特征及环境指示意义

选取云南15个高原湖泊,利用瑞典产HTH重力采样器提取沉积物短钻,取顶部0~0.5 cm作为湖泊现代沉积物进行粒度分析并利用分析软件对粒度频率曲线进行拟合,探讨各组分的沉积特征和环境指示意义。结果显示,滇池等15个云南湖泊表层沉积物频率曲线呈多峰态,含有2至5个组分,从细到粗分别为黏土组分（C1）、细粉砂组分（C2）、粉砂组分（C3）、细-中砂组分（C4）、粗砂组分（C5）,拟合众数粒径范围为0.6~423.0 μm。C1组分来自大气中长期悬浮的超细粉尘和气溶胶,通过自然沉降和降水进入湖泊水体,反映西南地区大气粉尘背景值;C2和C3是湖泊沉积物中的主要组分,反映流域内降水和水动力大小;C4和C5组分只出现在洱海、滇池、差黑海等部分湖泊湖心沉积物中,且含量非常低,该组分与湖泊水动力密切相关。对于滇池、抚仙湖等大型湖泊而言,粗颗粒进入湖心需两个过程:从流域地表进入湖泊水体的输入过程和从湖滨到达湖心的传输过程。湖心沉积物中粗粒含量主要受第二个过程影响,而该过程的强弱与湖流、水深、湖盆坡度等因素有关。西南地区干旱背景下湖泊快速收缩直至消失时,降水量的大幅减少使得地表径流动力减弱,加之大气环流偏弱以及水生植物覆盖面积比例增大,湖水动力减弱,由湖滨向湖心传输的物质以细粒碎屑为主。位于山地地区的小型湖泊,由于汇水面积有限、地形坡度较大,坡面径流可将地表风化碎屑物带入湖盆甚至湖心位置,这类湖泊沉积物中粗粒物质的增加反映流域内降水量或降水强度增大。     

羌塘高原典型矿区水系沉积物地球化学特征与区域化探扫面方法

羌塘高原是目前区域化探全国扫面工作最大的空白区和地质找矿工作的新区,这里的化探扫面和地质找矿工作正在推进中。水系沉积物测量是该区主要区域化探扫面方法。在羌塘高原上,风成沙广布,其粒级主要集中在–40目,比例高达90%以上,是影响区域化探找矿效果的最大因素。通过四个矿区水系沉积物地球化学特征研究发现:1)水系沉积物不同粒级中,大部分矿化指示元素含量都呈不对称的"反S"型或"U"型分布,富集在+40目粒级和–160目粒级中。以–10~+40目为采样粒级,很大程度上可以消除风成沙的干扰。2)大型矿床形成的指示元素异常沿水系迁移距离为4~8 km,异常面积25 km2;小型矿床形成的异常迁移距离1 km左右,异常面积1 km2左右。3)确定区域化探扫面最佳技术指标为:采样粒级–10~+40目;采样密度1点/4 km2(勘查目标定位到大型以上矿床时)或1点/km2(勘查目标定位到小型以上矿床时)。