交流阻抗谱法及其在地球深部物质科学中的应用

交流阻抗谱对于表征地球深部物质的电学性质以及电极界面性质是一种比较新的而且是强有力的工具。它可以用来调查各种固体、流体内部以及界面的束缚和移动电荷的动力学。文中介绍了交流阻抗谱的基本原理以及常用的数据处理方法。对交流阻抗谱在不同的物质体系———矿物单晶、矿物多晶(岩石)、电解质溶液、岩石破裂、熔体中的表现形式进行了研究,并且给出相应导电机制的等效电路模型。研究结果发现,对于矿物单晶和矿物多晶在最高频率段的导电机制由颗粒内部引起;最低频率段的导电机制由电极界面所引起;而矿物多晶中间频率段的导电机制由颗粒边界所引起。对于电解质溶液,最高频率段的导电机制由电解质溶液所引起,而低频率段的导电机制由溶液电极界面所引起。交流阻抗谱对于检测岩石破裂和部分熔融中熔体的分布及数量都非常灵敏。     

Compositional effect on the pressure derivatives of bulk modulus of silicate melts

Although the bulk moduli (K_T0) of silicate melts have a relatively narrow range of values, the pressure derivatives of the isothermal bulk modulus (K_T0^′) can assume a broad range of values and have an important influence on the compositional dependence of the melt compressibility at high pressure. Based on the melt density data from sink/float experiments at high pressures in the literature, we calculate K_T0^′ using an isothermal equation of state (EOS) (e.g., Birch–Murnaghan EOS and Vinet EOS) with the previously determined values of room-pressure density (ρ₀) and room-pressure bulk modulus (K_T0). The results show that best estimates of K_T0^′ vary considerably from ~ 3 to ~ 7 for different compositions. K_T0^′ is nearly independent of Mg # (molar Mg/(Mg + Fe)), but decreases with SiO₂ content. Hydrous melts have anomalously small K_T0^′ leading to a high degree of compression at high pressures. For anhydrous melts, K_T0^′ is ~ 7 for peridotitic melts, ~ 6 for picritic melts, ~ 5 for komatiitic melts, and ~ 4 for basaltic melts.     

A crustal source for ca. 165 Ma post-collisional granites related to mineralization in the Jianglang dome of the Songpan-Ganzi Orogen,eastern Tiebtan Plateau

The Wenjiaping and Wulaxi granite plutons are located in the Jianglang dome, which is a key domain for providing deep insight into the tectonic evolution of the Songpan-Ganzi Orogen. Two granites are composed chiefly of K-feldspar, quartz, biotite with minor plagioclase and hornblende. This study presents zircon U-Pb chronology, geochemistry and Hf isotope data to explore their petrogenesis and metallogenic implications. Zircon U-Pb dating provides crystallization ages of 164.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 163.4 ± 0.9 Ma for the Wenjiaping granite, and 164.3 ± 1.7 Ma for the Wulaxi granite. This indicates that they were formed synchronously. They also contain inherited zircons related to the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents and the Emeishan large igneous province. Their mineral assemblages lack peraluminous (e.g., garnet and cordierite) and high-temperature (e.g., pyroxene and fayalite) minerals. They are characterized by low A/CNK (1.10–0.99), FeO^T/MgO (8.55–2.83) and K₂O/N₂O ratios (1.34–0.51) with low Zr + Nb + Ce + Y concentrations (average 258 ppm) and zircon saturation temperatures (781–651 °C). Their Al₂O₃, P₂O₅ and SiO₂ contents show negative correlations, and they thus fit the I-type granite definition. Some major and trace elements exhibit strong correlations, implying extensive fractional crystallization (e.g., hornblende and ilmenite) during the magma evolution. Two granites show enrichment in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and depletion in high field strength elements. They have low Mg^# values (38.7–17.3) and Y/Nb ratios (0.45–0.16), and yield dominantly negative ε_Hf(t) values (1.4–−13.9), indicating a heterogeneous source and their derivation from remelting of ancient continental crust (e.g., Mesoproterozoic Liwu Group in this region) with minor juvenile crust. Combined with prior studies, we conclude that the Wenjiaping and Wulaxi granites were formed in a post-collisional extensional regime, and were responsible for the 163.7–151.1 Ma magmatic hydrothermal Cu-W mineralization in the Jianglang dome. In addition, two granite plutons intrude this dome and they are undeformed, implying that the doming was during the Early to Middle Jurassic.     

西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山一带晚石炭世赞岐岩的发现及其地质意义

西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山一带广泛分布晚石炭世玄武安山岩、辉石安山岩,属钙碱性系列,岩石具有较高的SiO_2(52.88%~56.89%)、MgO(3.47%~6.88%,Mg#为48.5~63.7)、Sr(442×10~(-6)~970×10~(-6))、Ba(199×10~(-6)~796×10~(-6))含量,K/Na为0.22~0.70,P_2O_5变化范围较大(0.18%~0.52%),富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N为1.88~15.9),亏损Nb、Ta、Hf等高场强元素和重稀土元素,弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.77~0.94),(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70366~0.70409,(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)i=0.51247~0.512564,εNd(t)=4.41~6.19,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.220~18.405,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.482~15.522,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.991~38.296,与典型赞岐岩地球化学特征一致。该赞岐岩的厘定,为研究西准噶尔构造演化提供了新的思路,约束了本区残余洋盆的闭合时限并非前人确立的早石炭世,而应延迟至晚石炭世末期。     

安徽石马超高压变质地体构造演化的流体包裹体响应

安徽石马超高压变质地体经历 5次构造变形 ,其特征是由深层次挤压韧性变形到浅层次的伸展脆性变形。相应地发育有 5期流体 ,它们的演化规律为 :早期以硅酸盐熔体和流体熔融体为主 ,随后富CO2 流体占优势 ,后期H2 O溶液起主导作用。总体而言 ,从老到新流体均一温度和含盐度均由高变低。在构造作用和流体作用的共同推动下 ,石马超高压变质地体经历了复杂的演化过程 :洋壳俯冲 ,超高压榴辉岩形成与形变→陆壳碰撞 ,榴辉岩折返→地体构造分异 ,榴辉岩就位→地体均衡隆起 ,榴辉岩抬升→地体差异隆起 ,榴辉岩剥露。因此 ,流体作用在研究超高压变质地体中占有重要地位。流体直接影响超高压变质地体形成的物理化学环境 ,在分析其形成深度时 ,应充分考虑流体超压问题。总之 ,在超高压地体演化过程中 ,流体一直是积极推动其发展的最活跃的因素。     

Carbonatite melt–CO2 fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths from Tenerife, Canary Islands: a story of trapping, immiscibility and fluid–rock interaction in the upper mantle

Three types of fluid inclusions have been identified in olivine porphyroclasts in the spinel harzburgite and lherzolite xenoliths from Tenerife: pure CO₂ (Type A); carbonate-rich CO₂–SO₂ mixtures (Type B); and polyphase inclusions dominated by silicate glass±fluid±sp±silicate±sulfide±carbonate (Type C). Type A inclusions commonly exhibit a “coating” (a few microns thick) consisting of an aggregate of a platy, hydrous Mg–Fe–Si phase, most likely talc, together with very small amounts of halite, dolomite and other phases. Larger crystals (e.g. (Na,K)Cl, dolomite, spinel, sulfide and phlogopite) may be found on either side of the “coating”, towards the wall of the host mineral or towards the inclusion center. These different fluids were formed through the immiscible separations and fluid–wall-rock reactions from a common, volatile-rich, siliceous, alkaline carbonatite melt infiltrating the upper mantle beneath the Tenerife. First, the original siliceous carbonatite melt is separated from a mixed CO₂–H₂O–NaCl fluid and a silicate/silicocarbonatite melt (preserved in Type A inclusions). The reaction of the carbonaceous silicate melt with the wall-rock minerals gave rise to large poikilitic orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene grains, and smaller neoblasts. During the metasomatic processes, the consumption of the silicate part of the melt produced carbonate-enriched Type B CO₂–SO₂ fluids which were trapped in exsolved orthopyroxene porphyroclasts. At the later stages, the interstitial silicate/silicocarbonatite fluids were trapped as Type C inclusions. At a temperature above 650 °C, the mixed CO₂–H₂O–NaCl fluid inside the Type A inclusions were separated into CO₂-rich fluid and H₂O–NaCl brine. At T<650 °C, the residual silicate melt reacted with the host olivine, forming a reaction rim or “coating” along the inclusion walls consisting of talc (or possibly serpentine) together with minute crystals of NaCl, KCl, carbonates and sulfides, leaving a residual CO₂ fluid. The homogenization temperatures of +2 to +25 °C obtained from the Type A CO₂ inclusions reflect the densities of the residual CO₂ after its reactions with the olivine host, and are unrelated to the initial fluid density or the external pressure at the time of trapping. The latter are restricted by the estimated crystallization temperatures of 1000–1200 °C, and the spinel lherzolite phase assemblage of the xenolith, which is 0.7–1.7 GPa.