基于CorelDRAW的地图注记自动化配置方法研究

作为制图者与用图者间信息传递的桥梁,地图注记辅助地图符号,对制图要素的名称、种类、性质和数量特征等进行了标识和说明,是地图不可或缺的组成部分。曲线、文字编辑功能极强的CorelDRAW软件颇受制图人员青睐,尤其在注记配置工作中扮演着重要角色。文章从点、线、面三个角度对地图注记配置进行了理论探析,同时基于CorelDRAW 15．0 Type Library控件和VBA环境进行了二次开发,智能化地实现了点注记的四点定位、线注记的适合路径、封闭面域的构建和自定义面注记的添加,对提高地图制图的效率和美化图面效果具有十分重要的意义。     

Fluid generation, vein formation and the degree of fluid–rock interaction during decompression of high-pressure terranes: the Schistes Lustrés, Alpine Corsica, France

Centimetre‐ to decimetre‐wide quartz+calcite veins in schistes lustrés from Alpine Corsica were formed during exhumation at 30–40 Ma following blueschist facies metamorphism. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the veins overlap those of the host schistes lustrés, and the δ¹⁸O values of the veins are much higher than those of other rocks on Corsica. These data suggest that the vein‐forming fluids were derived from the schistes lustrés. Fluids were probably generated by reactions that broke down carpholite, lawsonite, chlorite and white mica at 300–350 °C during decompression between c. 1400 and 800 MPa. However, the δ¹⁸O values of the veins are locally several per mil higher than expected given those of their host rocks. The magnitude of oxygen isotope disequilibrium between the veins and the host rock is inversely proportional to the δ¹⁸O value of the host rock. Additionally, calcite in some schists is in isotopic equilibrium with calcite in adjacent veins, but not with the silicate fraction of the schists. Locally, the schists are calcite bearing only within 1–20 cm of the veins. The vein‐forming fluids may have been preferentially derived from calcite‐bearing, high‐δ¹⁸O rocks that are common within the schistes lustrés and that locally contain abundant (>15%) veins. If the fluids were unable to completely isotopically equilibrate with the rocks, due to relatively rapid flow at moderate temperatures or being confined to fractures, they could form veins with higher δ¹⁸O values than those of the surrounding rocks. Alteration of the host rocks was probably inhibited by isolation of the fluid in ‘quartz‐armoured’ veins. Overall, the veins represent a metre‐ to hectometre‐scale fluid‐flow system confined to within the schistes lustrés unit, with little input from external sources. This fluid‐flow system is one of several that operated in the western Alps during exhumation following high‐pressure metamorphism.     

封闭系统中CaCO_3在天然水中溶解或沉淀的水化学后果

文章在计算水溶液化学组份平衡分布及其ｐＨ值的基础上，分析和讨论了封闭系统中ＣａＣＯ３溶解或沉淀所引起的水化学后果，并依据计算数据和借助作图的办法得出了如下结论，即ＣａＣＯ３溶解会使水溶液ｐＨ值增大，Ｈ２ＣＯ３含量减少；相反，ＣａＣＯ３沉淀会使水溶液ｐＨ值减小，Ｈ２ＣＯ３含量增多。     

Linking moisture and near-surface wind with winter temperature to reveal the Holocene climate evolution in arid Xinjiang region of China

An increasing number of palaeo-climatic records have been reported to identify the Holocene climate history in the arid Xinjiang region of northwest China. However, few studies have fully considered the internal linkages within the regional climate system, which may limit our understanding of the forcing mechanisms of Holocene climate change in this region. Here, we systematically consider three major issues of the moisture/precipitation, temperature and near-surface wind relevant to the Holocene climate history of Xinjiang. First, despite there still has debated for the Holocene moisture evolution in this region, more climatic reconstructions from lake sediments, loess, sand-dunes and peats support a long-term regional wetting trend. Second, temperature records from ice cores, peats and stalagmites demonstrate a long-term winter warming trend during the Holocene in middle- to high-latitudes of Asia. Third, recent studies of aeolian sedimentary sequences reveal that the near-surface winds in winter gradually weakened during the Holocene, whereas the winter mid-latitude Westerlies strengthened in the Tienshan Mountains. Based on this evidence, in the arid Xinjiang region we propose an early to middle Holocene relatively cold and dry interval, with strong near-surface winds; and a warmer, wetter interval with weaker near-surface winds in the middle to late Holocene during winter. Additionally, we develop a conceptual model to explain the pattern of Holocene climate changes in this region. From the early to the late Holocene, the increasing atmospheric CO₂ content and winter insolation, and the shrinking of high-latitude continental ice-sheets, resulted in increasing winter temperatures in middle to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Subsequently, the increased winter temperature strengthened the winter mid-latitude Westerlies and weakened the Siberian high-pressure system, which caused an increase in winter precipitation and a decrease in near-surface wind strength. This scenario is strongly supported by evidence from geological records, climate simulation results, and modern reanalysis data. Our hypothesis highlights the important contribution of winter temperature in driving the Holocene climatic evolution of the arid Xinjiang region, and it implies that the socio-economic development and water resources security of this region will face serious challenges presented by the increasing winter temperature in the future.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定灌木枝叶中微量元素的样品预处理方法研究

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定植物样品中微量元素的关键技术是消除植物样品的有机基体效应,本文通过预处理方法中的酸消解体系、称样量和消解方式消除其影响。以国家标准物质灌木枝叶组合样(GBW07603)为材料进行研究,对比分析了硝酸-过氧化氢、硝酸-氢氟酸、硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢3种酸溶体系的消解效果,以确定最佳酸溶体系,进而定量研究2种称样量(50 mg和100 mg)和3种消解方式(密封高压二次消解、密封高压一次消解、微波消解)的消解效果,并以In作为内标采用ICP-MS测定微量元素含量。结果表明:硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢酸溶体系的消解效果最好;50 mg的测定值更接近于参考值;微波消解法的测定值明显偏低,而密封高压二次消解法是灌木枝叶样品预处理的有效方法。     

酸溶-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定密西西比型铅锌矿床矿石中的铅

密西西比型(MVT)铅锌矿床的主要矿物有方铅石、闪锌矿,常伴生有重晶石、萤石等矿物,使得MVT型矿石在酸处理过程中易生成不溶于水和酸的硫酸铅钡复盐,故而检测矿样中铅的含量偏低。本文建立了采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸体系酸溶分解MVT型矿石,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定铅含量的分析方法。实验比较了盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸-硫酸三种酸溶体系的溶样效果,并通过X射线衍射论证了方法的可行性。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸体系克服了复盐硫酸铅钡和硫酸铅沉淀的生成,适量的氢氟酸促进了Pb SO4的溶解,X射线衍射表征也表明此种酸溶体系的沉淀中不含有Pb SO4,可更彻底地分解MVT型矿石。本方法精密度(RSD)为0.3%~0.6%,实际样品的加标回收率为96.0%~99.2%,铅的最佳检测范围为0.01%~20.0%。     

影响海相烃源岩热解生烃过程的地质条件

热解生烃实验是研究油气生成机理与定量评价烃源岩生烃潜力的重要方法.烃源岩热解生烃模拟结果不仅与温度、压力和时间等因素有关,而且与地层孔隙水及压实成岩作用等地质因素密切相关.采用高压流体和高压釜(低压水蒸气)两种生烃热模拟方法对低成熟海相二叠统大隆组(P₂d)黑色泥岩进行了热解生烃实验模拟.对比分析两组实验结果表明地层孔隙热解实验有利于液态油的生成,不利于液态油向气态烃的转化,并极大地提高了干酪根的生油气潜力,显示了高压液态水、流体压力和孔隙空间等地质因素对烃源岩中有机质热成熟生烃反应的重要影响.这种影响可能与高压液态水的近临界特性有关,近临界特性地层水的参与改变了干酪根热力生烃反应的物理化学行为.推断在实际地质温压(100~200 ℃,30~120 MPa)条件下,烃源岩孔隙中的地层水是一种相对低温高压液态水,具有水的近临界物理化学特性,因此高压流体生烃热模拟实验与实际地层情况更为接近,能更有效地评价烃源岩生烃潜力.      

粉细砂地层防渗帷幕综合施工方法

四川省武都水库右岸EL574 m灌浆平洞揭露出厚度2.3～9.8 m的粉细砂层,普通水泥高压灌浆无法形成可靠的防渗帷幕。采用高压旋喷、湿磨细水泥、化学灌浆的组合处理方式,取得了较好的施工效果。通过钻孔压水、大功率声波CT、单孔声波、钻孔全景数字成像等方法检测,表明达到了设计防渗要求。     

Anatomy of a subduction complex: architecture of the Franciscan Complex,California, at multiple length and time scales

The Franciscan Complex of California records over 150 million years of continuous E-dipping subduction that terminated with conversion to a dextral transform plate boundary. The Franciscan comprises mélange and coherent units forming a stack of thrust nappes, with significant along-strike variability, and downward-decreasing metamorphic grade and accretion ages. The Franciscan records progressive subduction, accretion, metamorphism, and exhumation, spanning the extended period of subduction, rather than events superimposed on pre-existing stratigraphy. High-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks lack a thermal overprint, indicating continuity of subduction from subduction initiation at ca. 165 Ma to termination at ca. 25 Ma. Accretionary periods may have alternated with episodes of subduction erosion that removed some previously accreted material, but the complex collectively reflects a net addition of material to the upper plate. Mélanges (serpentinite and siliciclastic matrix) with exotic blocks have sedimentary origins as submarine mass transport deposits, whereas mélanges formed by tectonism comprise disrupted ocean plate stratigraphy and lack exotic blocks. The former are interbedded with and grade into coherent siliciclastic units. Palaeomegathrust horizons, separating nappes accreted at different times, appear restricted to narrow zones of <100 m thickness. Exhumation of Franciscan units, both coherent and mélange, was accommodated by significant extension of the hanging wall and cross-sectional extrusion. The amount of total exhumation, as well as exhumation since subduction termination, needs to be considered when comparing Franciscan architecture to modern and ancient subduction complexes. Equal dextral separation of folded Franciscan nappes and late Cenozoic (post-subduction) units across strands of the (post-subduction) San Andreas fault system shows that the folding of nappes took place prior to subduction termination. Dextral separation of similar clastic sedimentary suites in the Franciscan and the coeval Great Valley Group forearc basin is approximately that of the San Andreas fault system, precluding major syn-subduction strike-slip displacement within the Franciscan.     

Mass Fractions of S,Cu, Se,Mo, Ag,Cd, In,Te, Ba,Sm, W,Tl and Bi in Geological Reference Materials and Selected Carbonaceous Chondrites Determined by Isotope Dilution ICP‐MS

Mass fractions of S, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Te, Ba, Sm, W and Tl were determined by isotope dilution sector field ICP‐MS in the same sample aliquot of reference materials using HF‐HNO₃ digestion in PFA beakers in pressure bombs and glassy carbon vessels in a high‐pressure asher (HPA‐S) for comparison. Additionally, Bi was determined by internal standardisation relative to Tl. Because isobaric and oxide interferences pose problems for many of these elements, efficient chromatographic separation methods in combination with an Aridus desolvator were employed to minimise interference effects. Repeated digestion and measurement of geological reference materials (BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, SCo‐1, MAG‐1, MRG‐1 and UB‐N) gave results with < 5% relative intermediate precision (1s) for most elements, except Bi. Replicates of NIST SRM 612 glass digested on a hot plate were analysed by the same methods, and the results agree with reference values mostly within 2% relative deviation. Data for the carbonaceous chondrites Allende, Murchison, Orgueil and Ivuna are also reported. Digestion in a HPA‐S was as efficient as in pressure bombs, but some elements displayed higher blank levels following HPA‐S treatment. Pressure bomb digestion yielded precise data for volatile S, Se and Te, but may result in high blanks for W.