云内大粒子对闪电活动影响的个例模拟

利用三维云起电放电模式, 通过对2008年9月6日北京地区一次雷暴过程的模拟, 研究了云内雨滴、冰晶、霰和雹4种粒子对云内闪电活动的直接影响。对比几种主要冰相粒子比质量浓度的分布变化与模拟闪电开始发生高度的关系, 并分析几种冰相粒子所带电量变化率的时空变化特征后发现:霰和冰晶是对云内闪电发生作用最为重要的两种粒子; 雹粒子对闪电发生作用有限; 雨滴则对于主电荷区附近闪电发生没有直接影响。模拟结果表明:在实际观测中出现的雷达强回波达到某个高度之上可以预警闪电发生的现象, 主要是由于霰粒子在一定高度之上与冰晶之间发生强烈的电荷分离, 从而使云内电场迅速增强, 并最终引发闪电而导致的。     

对流强度对雷暴云微物理发展和电荷结构影响的数值模拟

为了探讨对流强度大小对雷暴云内微物理发展和起电过程的影响,基于已有的二维积云起、放电模式,改变其扰动温度进行敏感性试验。试验结果表明:对流强度对雷暴云内微物理过程、起电率及后续电荷结构的产生均有一定程度的影响:1）对流强度较小时,冰晶粒子极大值在高温区（高于-13.8℃）出现,对流强度较大时,上升风明显增强,将更多的水汽带入高空,气溶胶活化过程明显增强,使得云滴粒子明显增多,冰晶粒子较早产生,冰晶粒子极大值在低温区（低于-13.8℃）出现,发展过程更为剧烈;同时,较高的对流强度也使得降雨量增多,霰粒子数目也在对流发展旺盛时期显著增多。2）非感应起电率主要和冰晶-霰的碰并分离过程有关,对流强度较大时,非感应起电率较大,电荷结构持续时间较长,过程明显,感应起电率也较强。3）对流强度较大时,电荷结构更为复杂,雷暴云发展初期基本呈现为三极性,发展旺盛时期底部正电荷区域嵌入一个较小的负电荷区,呈现四极性电荷结构,雷暴云发展末期基本呈现偶极性电荷结构;对流强度较小时,发展初期、旺盛时期均呈现三极性电荷结构,发展末期呈现偶极性电荷结构。     

致密气藏成藏动力及成藏模式——以鄂尔多斯盆地L区块山_1储层为例

研究区主力产气层山1储层属于致密气藏,为了摸清有效储集层的形成机制、寻找勘探开发的有利区域,应用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、核磁共振、恒速压汞等实验手段开展成藏动力及成藏模式研究。结果表明:早白垩世为天然气充注的主要成藏期,水相封存天然气分子的最小孔喉半径和天然气充注的孔喉半径下限分别为0.093μm和0.25μm,天然气充注的最大毛细管阻力为1.16MPa,流体过剩压力是致密砂岩气藏天然气运移的主要动力和阻力;天然气主要聚集在过剩压力高值背景下的低值区,山1段过剩压力小于6 MPa的区域有利于天然气的聚集,隔夹层密度越小、厚度越薄的区域含气饱和度越高;研究区天然气充注模式存在4种模式,煤层连续发育厚度大、储层整体特征优,源储层间压差大、储层顶面的隔夹层和大段较厚泥岩产生的欠压实过剩压力有利于储层段的天然气保存,成为天然气开发的"甜点"。     

卫星介质深层充电的计算机模拟研究

卫星介质深层充电效应是诱发地球同步轨道卫星运行故障和异常的重要因素之一,文中介绍了介质深层充电的物理机制,给出了初步的物理模型和计算机模拟方法,该模型的模拟计算结果与欧空局的深层充电分析软件DICTAT的计算结果吻合得很好. 深层充电导致的最大电场总是出现在介质的接地侧,因此,介质的接地侧是发生放电的危险区域;对于典型的外辐射带高能电子能谱情况,介质的充电时间为小时量级.     

大功率激电和瞬变电磁法在青海锡铁山深部找矿中的应用

为了在锡铁山铅锌矿的外围深部找矿勘查中提供深部地球物理信息，首次将大功率激电和大功率瞬变电磁法应用于接地条件十分恶劣、地形复杂的锡铁山地区。采用原长春地质学院研制的大功率设备，对供电电极和常规供电方式进行了改进，使供电电流达到10A以上，保证了大功率激电得以在该地区的实施。并于第28勘探线向南延伸部位发现一低阻高极化激电异常和瞬变电磁异常，由于这两种方法的异常可相互验证，再结合矿山外围地质研究工作．推断该异常为深部铅锌矿体所引起。这一新发现为矿山外围找矿提供了深部地球物理依据。     

On the prediction of relativistic electron fluence based on its relationship with geomagnetic activity over a solar cycle

A study has been carried out to determine the relationship between high energy relativistic (>2 MeV) electron fluence and auroral zone geomagnetic activity for a solar cycle. Data for 1987–1997, spanning Solar Cycle 22, were used in the study. The relativistic electron fluence data were based on fluxes observed by the GOES geosynchronous satellites. The geomagnetic data were the DRX indices derived from a Canadian magnetic observatory located in the auroral zone at Fort Churchill, near the footprint of field lines passing through geostationary satellites. This work, based on data from a solar cycle, confirms earlier findings using limited data from segments of a solar cycle of enhancement in fluence 2–3 days after increases in geomagnetic activity, and shows the cycle dependence of fluence with respect to geomagnetic activity. This study underlines the influence of recurrent coronal holes on fluence level as well as the possible role of Pc5 magnetic pulsations as an electron acceleration mechanism, and highlights the predictability of fluence from ground geomagnetic data. A fluence prediction algorithm can now solely be based on derived expressions relating fluence and DRX. Thus, a simple fluence prediction scheme can easily be implemented to provide a 2–3 day advance warning of space weather conditions hazardous to geosynchronous satellites, since during days of high fluence, the likelihood of internal charging in a satellite is high, with possible discharges that could result in satellite operational anomalies. For verification purpose, daily values of fluence for 1997–2000 and for January 1994 were postcast using the derived expressions. The postcast values were validated, and the results give credence to the fluence prediction scheme.     

Tribo-electrostatic behaviour of high ash non-coking Indian thermal coal

The tribo-electrostatic method was applied to beneficiate non-coking Indian thermal coal from Ramagundam coal mines containing nearly 45% ash content. The microscopic studies revealed that quartz and kaolinite are the dominant minerals whereas illite, goethite, siderite and pyrite are the minor inclusions in the coal. Contact electrification of ash-forming minerals and coal matter was carried out using different tribo-charger materials of Al, Cu, brass, perspex and teflon. The Cu tribo-charger was found to be optimum to acquire differential charge between ash-forming inorganics and coal matter. The temperature effect on the magnitude of contact charge acquisition was found to be significant. Tests on a laboratory in-house built tribo-electrostatic free-fall separator with minus 300 μm coal showed that the ash content was reduced from 45% to about 18%, and a clean coal product as judged by the washability studies can be obtained. The results illustrate that the non-coking coals can be beneficiated using the scientific knowledge on the response and behaviour of coal and non-coal matters to electric charges.     

奥连特盆地斜坡带原油地化特征、充注模式及勘探实践

奥连特盆地斜坡带原油油品分布复杂,重质原油开发难度大、不经济,中轻质原油分布规律不清,严重制约斜坡带油气勘探。本文从原油地化分析入手,通过分析原油分布特征和地化特征,明确重油成因机理,建立原油充注模式,指出中轻质油有利发育区,以有效指导油气勘探。研究结果如下:(1)斜坡带原油正构烷烃具有前峰型碳分布形式,表明原油主要为海相母源;(2)原油具有“双低+双高”族组成,表明原油为烃源岩低熟-成熟阶段产物;(3)重油主要为生物降解成因,证据1为:饱和烃总离子流图发育UCM现象,证据2为:检测发现25-降藿烷标志性化合物;(4)地化分析表明同一样品中同时存在降解原油和未降解原油特征,表明原油为两期充注成因;(5)据此建立油气两期充注模式:早期常规原油充注,中期原油普遍遭受生物降解,原油变重,晚期常规原油充注与降解原油混合控制平面原油油品分布特征,并指出斜坡带砂岩尖灭条带下倾方向是常规油有利分布区,部署探井、评价井获得了成功。     

川中龙王庙组气藏多期充注特征及对寒武纪早期海相烃源岩发育的指示意义

为了研究古老超深层天然气藏的充注模式,探讨寒武纪早期海相烃源岩的质量、规模和寿命,笔者等选取高石梯—磨溪地区龙王庙组气藏作为研究对象,结合区域构造演化史和烃源岩生烃史,应用盐水包裹体均一温度与储集层埋藏史温度对比的方法,建立了充注模式,并追踪其烃源岩层位为下寒武统筇竹寺组;从寒武纪早期古气候、古环境和古生物等的角度,分析了该时期形成海相烃源岩的有机生产力和保存条件。研究显示,四川盆地超深层气藏的形成经历了古油藏、古裂解气藏和晚期干气的多期充注阶段,气藏充注来源于古油藏裂解气和超晚期源岩释放的天然气。这一事实指示了,早寒武纪的全球背景为高质量、大规模和长寿命的优质烃源岩发育提供了基础,对于四川盆地超级气盆地的形成提供了理论依据。