基于ArcGIS Engine的地下水资源及其地质环境信息系统设计与实现

针对研究区内需要处理的数据量大、数据种类与格式复杂的特点,利用国际上最先进的ArcGIS Engine技术和Visual Basic．NET开发平台,建立了东北地区地下水资源及其地质环境信息系统,将空间数据库与属性数据库联合集成,实现了空间数据分析、图文双向查询、图表自动生成、多媒体链接以及数据库管理等多种功能,能够为区域地学、水资源、环境生态等领域的研究、管理和决策提供空间信息和统计信息等综合信息服务。     

吉林中部平原区地下水温动态变化影响因素的关联度分析

以吉林中部平原区为例,分析了孔隙潜水、孔隙承压水以及白垩系孔隙裂隙承压水温度的多年变化特征,并采用灰色关联度分析方法,确定了各含水层地下水温度与地下水埋深、气温、降水量之间的关联性,分析了影响其变化的主要因素。结果表明,对于3组含水层,从20世纪80年代初至2001年的近20年间,地下水温度都有不同程度的上升。对于孔隙潜水和孔隙承压水,地下水温度呈上升变化的本质原因是全球气候逐年变暖,而地下水活动和大气降水的增强起到了促进作用,特别是对孔隙承压水温度的上升作用更加明显;对于白垩系孔隙裂隙承压水,其温度呈上升变化则主要是由该含水层被普遍超采所引起的。     

石羊河流域平原地下水位动态特征与监测网观测频率优化

在阐述石羊河流域平原地下水位动态特征的基础上,采用频谱分析方法对研究区的地下水水位进行周期分析,并开展了地下水动态监测网的观测频率优化。结果认为：昌宁盆地水位动态存在4个周期成分,民勤和武威盆地水位动态存在2个周期成分,水位动态主要以年动态和月动态为主,动态类型主要有入渗径流开采型、开采型和补给开采型3种。昌宁盆地的水位监测频率每月可为2次,民勤和武威盆地的每月可为3次。     

Effects of water extraction in a vulnerable phreatic aquifer: Consequences for groundwater contamination by pesticides, Sint-Jansteen area, The Netherlands

Pesticides are a potential threat to the quality of extracted groundwater when the water-supply area is used for agricultural activities. This problem is discussed for the water-supply area of Sint-Jansteen, The Netherlands, where measured pesticide concentrations in the extracted water regularly exceed EU limits (0.1 μg/L). Groundwater samples taken from the aquifer within the water-supply area show low contamination, but samples taken from the extracted water occasionally contain pesticides, making the water inadequate for drinking-water purposes. The more intense contamination of the extracted water is caused by the change in the natural groundwater flow pattern near the extraction wells. In this area, pesticide use cannot be avoided easily, and an approach is given to differentiate pesticide use in the area according to expected travel time toward the wells and the chemical characteristics of the pesticides. A groundwater flow model for the area is developed and the effects of groundwater extraction on the natural flow pattern are evaluated. Using particle tracking, the travel-time zones are determined. Combining these results and the degradation behavior of certain pesticides led to an optimal scheme to integrate agricultural activities and groundwater extraction in the area. This is illustrated for five different types of pesticides (atrazine, simazine, bentazone, MCPA, and mecoprop). Received, October 1998/Revised, July 1999, September 1999/Accepted, November 1999     

Legacies from three former manufactured-gas plants: impacts on groundwater quality

Groundwater contamination due to accidental releases of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds (MAHs and PAHs) from decommissioned manufactured-gas plants is an ongoing and litigious problem. The MAHs and PAHs are derived from coal tar, which was a by-product of the gas-manufacturing process. While originally designed to contain coal tar, the manufactured-gas plant structures that remain today have often degraded over time and are not completely leak-proof. Over a period of many years, subsurface water has seeped into and out of the structures, resulting in groundwater contamination. This was particularly true once the tops of the structures were removed. In this study, process-based simulations were conducted to estimate the groundwater-quality impacts of accidental releases of dissolved naphthalene (C₁₀H₈) from the sites of three former manufactured-gas plants. The results from one-dimensional, transient, unsaturated, near-surface fluid-flow and solute-transport simulations served as input to three-dimensional saturated subsurface fluid-flow and solute-transport simulations. The simulation results and sensitivity analysis reported here indicate that accidental releases of naphthalene had significant, negative impacts on groundwater quality at each of the three sites. Electronic Publication     

非均质介质中地下水流动与溶质运移模拟——问题与挑战

对大空间尺度和长时间跨度的地下水流动及污染物质运移进行预测的需求, 使水文地质研究面临异乎寻常的挑战.这些需求来自于对核废料地质储放方法的安全性评价、地下水污染状况评价及其治理方案的选择.流动系统的非均质性是地下水流动及物质运移模拟中最主要的困难之一, 这种困难来自对非均质系统进行特征描述(通过原位观测实现)、概念化及模拟.评述了非均质介质中流动运移模拟的一些重要问题与挑战, 讨论了解决的途径.讨论的主题包括: 动力流动的沟道化, 示踪剂穿透曲线, 裂隙岩石中流体流动的多尺度, 观测的不同尺度, 模拟、预测与非均质性以及系统特征描述和预测性模拟的分析.      

A two-dimensional analytical solution of groundwater responses to tidal loading in an estuary and ocean

Previous studies on tidal dynamics of coastal aquifers have focussed on the inland propagation of oceanic tides in the cross-shore direction, a configuration that is essentially one-dimensional. Aquifers at natural coasts can also be influenced by tidal waves in nearby estuaries, resulting in a more complex behaviour of head fluctuations in the aquifers. We present an analytical solution to the two-dimensional depth-averaged groundwater flow equation for a semi-infinite aquifer subject to oscillating head conditions at the boundaries. The solution describes the tidal dynamics of a coastal aquifer that is adjacent to a cross-shore estuary. Both the effects of oceanic and estuarine tides on the aquifer are included in the solution. The analytical prediction of the head fluctuations is verified by comparison with numerical solutions computed using a standard finite-difference method. An essential feature of the present analytical solution is the interaction between the cross- and along-shore tidal waves in the aquifer area near the estuary’s entry. As the distance from the estuary or coastline increases, the wave interaction is weakened and the aquifer response is reduced, respectively, to the one-dimensional solution for oceanic tides or the solution of Sun (Sun H. A two-dimensional analytical solution of groundwater response to tidal loading in an estuary, Water Resour Res 1997;33:1429–35) for two-dimensional non-interacting tidal waves.     

地下水系统径流带的模糊划分模式

提出了径流带划分的模糊划分模式,为准确进行水文地质参数分区和建立水文地质概念模型创造了条件.结合某水文地质单元的实际进行了应用,取得了满意的结果.     

秦岭隧道地下水水化学异常的形成机理

在分析秦岭隧道地区地质背景及水体水化学组成的变化规律的基础上,确定了平导地下水化学异常的基本特征及形成机理,研究表明水中硫根离子的审围岩中黄铁矿氧化所致钙离子的升高则归因于氧过程形成的大量氢离子促使含钙矿物水角或次生的碳酸盐矿物溶解,而两者浓度的增大导致地下水水化学类型的改变,矿化度及总硬度的异常。     

地下水资源是陕西实施西部大开发战略的重要保证

陕西在西部大开发中具有重要地位和良好前景。陕西是一个缺水省份,但存在着地下水赋存的良好地质－水文地质条件,地下水资源是陕西实施西部大开发战略的重要保证。面对西部大开发的新形势,依法加大陕西地下水资源勘查开发力度,把地下水资源勘查开发同其它基础建设要放在同等重要位置。组建专业委员会研讨地下水资源勘查开发问题。