Transformation of magnetite to hematite and its influence on the dissolution of iron oxide minerals

Deformed rocks of the Itabira Iron Formation (itabirites) in Brazil show microstructural evidence of pressure solution of quartz and iron oxides; it appears that magnetite was dissolved and hematite precipitated. The dissolution of magnetite seems to be related to its transformation to hematite by oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. The transformation of magnetite to hematite occurs along {111} planes, and results in the development of hematite domains along {111} that are parallel to the foliation. The difference in volume created by the transformation of magnetite to hematite and the shear stress acting on the interphase boundaries allow fluids to migrate along these planes. The dissolution of magnetite involves the hydrolyzation of the Fe²⁺—O bonds at interphase boundaries of high normal stress. The high fugacity of oxygen in the fluid phase promotes the reaction of Fe²⁺ (in solution) with oxygen. Fe²⁺ ions oxidize to Fe³⁺ and precipitate as hematite platelets with their longest axes oriented parallel to the direction of maximum stretching. The transformation of magnetite to hematite during deformation plays an important role in the fabric evolution of the iron formation rocks. The transformation along {111} creates planes of weakness that facilitate fracturing. The fracturing plus the dissolution result in a reduction of magnetite grain size, and the oriented precipitation results in layers of hematite platelets. These processes produce a new fabric characterized by a penetrative foliation and lineation.     

红层砂岩纳米级致色剂赋存状态及地质意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群红层砂岩为例

红层是地球上广泛分布且具有特定指示环境意义的沉积物,一般认为在水体氧化环境下形成的赤铁矿胶结物是其主要致色矿物。目前,针对红层致色矿物的研究多停留在矿物识别层面,缺乏对其微观赋存状态及成因机制的深入研究。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群陆相红层为例,采用岩芯- 薄片- 阴极发光- 氩离子抛光扫描电镜的多尺度表征技术,首次揭示了红层砂岩纳米级致色剂——赤铁矿胶结物的微观赋存状态,并在此基础重新探讨了其成因机制。研究发现,红层砂岩致色剂赤铁矿胶结物主要为针状或片状,具有两种微观赋存状态：① 呈包裹型发育在净砂岩的颗粒周缘,单个矿物颗粒长度在500~1000 nm之间,宽度在50 nm以下;② 呈充填型发育在黏土矿物及云母等矿物颗粒的解理缝中,常常顺解理定向排列,受解理缝空间限制,单个矿物颗粒更小,长度一般小于500 nm,宽度在30 nm以下。红层砂岩中赤铁矿的产状和赋存状态表明其为褐铁矿早期脱水形成,在此之后又发育两期方解石胶结物,因此赤铁矿胶结物应主要形成于沉积和浅埋藏期,而非沉积后的抬升期。砂岩中赤铁矿胶结物的形成过程指示了一个干旱内陆沉积背景下大气水氧含量高的环境特征,这同样也是地质历史时期内的冰室状态,说明鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群的红层砂岩对研究该时期全球冰室状态也具有重要启示意义。     

应用同步辐射技术解析黄色-红色石英质玉石中的致色矿物

质地细腻、颜色多彩的隐晶质-微粒脉石英在我国珠宝行业称为石英质玉石,颜色是石英质玉石价值判断的主要因素之一,揭示其致色矿物及致色机理对于研究石英质玉石的颜色评价指标和矿床成因具有重要意义,但前人并未直接获得致色矿物的准确信息。本文运用上海光源(SSRF)BL15U1线站的同步辐射硬X射线,使用μ-XRF和μ-XRD技术对黄色和红色隐晶质-微粒脉石英中的致色矿物进行了研究。结果表明,黄色石英质玉石由赋存于石英颗粒间或微裂纹中的针铁矿(特征衍射峰0.49574、0.41594、0.26887、0.25705、0.25189、0.24510、0.21806、0.17133 nm)或其集合体致色,红色石英质玉石由赋存于石英颗粒间或微裂纹中的赤铁矿(特征衍射峰0.36774、0.27091、0.25200 nm)或其集合体致色,黄色-红色石英质玉的颜色由针铁矿和赤铁矿共同致色,赤铁矿的显色能力要高于针铁矿。本文获得了石英质玉石中致色矿物的直接数据,为玉石结晶温度与致色机理的探讨、石英质玉石的品质评价提供了依据。     

Geochronological problems related to polymetamorphism in the Limpopo Complex, South Africa

The integration of new and published geochronologic data with structural, magmatic/anatectic and pressure–temperature (P–T) process information allow the recognition of high-grade polymetamorphic granulites and associated high-grade shear zones in the Central Zone (CZ) of the Limpopo high-grade terrain in South Africa. Together, these two important features reflect a major high-grade D₃/M₃ event at ~ 2.02 Ga that overprinted the > 2.63 Ga high-grade Neoarchaean D₂/M₂ event, characterized by SW-plunging sheath folds. These major D₂/M₂ folds developed before ~ 2.63 Ga based on U–Pb zircon age data for precursors to leucocratic anatectic gneisses that cut the high-grade gneissic fabric. The D₃/M₃ shear event is accurately dated by U–Pb monazite (2017.1 ± 2.8 Ma) and PbSL garnet (2023 ± 11 Ma) age data obtained from syntectonic anatectic material, and from sheared metapelitic gneisses that were completely reworked during the high-grade shear event. The shear event was preceded by isobaric heating (P = ~ 6 kbar and T = ~ 670–780 °C), which resulted in the widespread formation of polymetamorphic granulites. Many efforts to date high-grade gneisses from the CZ using PbSL garnet dating resulted in a large spread of ages (~ 2.0–2.6 Ga) that reflect the polymetamorphic nature of these complexly deformed high-grade rocks.     

王水溶样-火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定高品位金矿石的金量

原子吸收光谱法(AAS)应用于高品位金矿石中金的测定,有效地解决了火试金重量法和氰醌容量法等分析方法有毒化学试剂用量大、测试条件局限性大等诸多问题。泡沫富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法(泡沫富集-FAAS法)就能够测定金品位达到500μg/g的金矿石,但该方法在常规FAAS方法基础上增加了滤渣分离、滤液稀释及泡沫灰化、复溶等过程,由于操作环节的增多,分析效率不高,且引入测量误差的机率随之加大。本文建立了一种高品位金的快速分析方法,样品用王水溶解,分离残渣,滤液定容后无需分离富集直接采用FAAS测定金量,方法精密度(RSD)为1.6%,优于FAAS本身精密度,满足了高品位金矿石样品快速分析监控的要求。通过实验对黑龙江省某岩金矿矿样(生产监控样)、金矿石外检样品及金矿石国家标准样品采用本法、泡沫富集-FAAS法、氰醌容量法、火试金重量法进行综合分析,结果表明样品基体中铁含量的高低直接影响到本法测定高品位金量的准确性。当金量为50~110μg/g时,允许样品中铁含量为10%;金量为110~164μg/g时,允许样品中铁含量为20%;金量为164~218μg/g时,允许样品中铁含量为25%。研究认为,本法普遍适用于测定金品位达到50μg/g以上、铁含量小于10%的金矿石。铁在地壳中的平均含量为5.63%,大部分金矿石国家标准样品的铁含量均在此平均值附近,一般金矿石的铁含量也很少达到较高水平,因此本法具备较强的应用性;且与泡沫富集-FAAS法相比,省去了泡沫富集-灰化-复溶的操作过程,大大提高了金量的分析效率。     

新疆西天山式可布台铁矿地质、矿物化学和S同位素特征及其对矿床成因的约束

新疆西天山式可布台铁矿发育于伊犁裂谷内,赋存于上石炭统中酸性火山碎屑岩、浅变质片岩、千枚岩中,矿体呈层状、似层状以及透镜状顺层产出。金属矿物以赤铁矿、镜铁矿为主,含少量黄铁矿、菱铁矿;脉石矿物主要为碧玉、重晶石、石英以及少量方解石。矿石构造以条带状、纹层状和块状为主,矿物结构多为隐晶质结构、半自形结构以及充填结构。矿床分为4个成矿阶段,即黄铁矿-赤铁矿-铁碧玉-重晶石阶段、菱铁矿-软锰矿阶段、石英-镜铁矿阶段、氧化物阶段。矿体顺层产出和发育纹层状矿石构造指示矿床为沉积成因。电子探针分析显示:(1)块状赤铁矿Al2O3、Na2O、MgO、SiO2含量相对分散,推测这可能与块状矿石快速沉淀结晶有关,暗示了剧烈的流体喷流活动,而纹层状和条带状赤铁矿Al2O3、Na2O、MgO、Si O2含量相对集中则反映平静的沉积环境以及微弱的喷流活动,两者的比较可能暗示了成矿过程中流体喷溢速率以及沉积环境都不断改变;(2)黄铁矿中含有较高的Co、Ni比,显示其形成与火山作用关系密切;(3)菱铁矿的FeOT与Mn O+MgO含量呈负相关关系,并形成两个聚集区,与镜下其具有不同特征相吻合,可能暗示了成矿后期菱铁矿随热液析出时候发生了分异作用。黄铁矿(δ34S=-6.1‰~6.5‰)和重晶石(δ34S=12.9‰)硫同位素组成显示曾发生过硫酸盐和硫化物之间的硫同位素分馏作用,成矿热液的硫可能来源于岩浆硫。综合分析认为,式可布台铁矿可能为海相火山喷流沉积型铁矿床。     

次灵敏线-火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定 高品位矿石中的铜铅锌量

[摘要]分别以铜327郾4 nm 和249郾2nm、铅283郾3 nm 和261郾4nm、锌307郾6nm 次灵敏线为分析线, 火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了高品位矿石中铜、铅、锌的含量。考察了高品位矿石基体及主要杂质的干扰 情况,结果表明,铜、锌质量浓度小于2 mg/ ml 时,对铅的测定无干扰;铅质量浓度小于2 mg/ ml 时,对铜 测定无干扰,其质量浓度小于0郾5mg/ ml 时,对锌测定无干扰;测定溶液中主要杂质铁、钴、镍、钙、镁质量 浓度在1mg/ ml,铝、硅质量浓度在0郾2mg/ ml 对测定无干扰。铜铅锌的质量浓度分别在0 ~ 1000滋g/ ml 范围内呈良好的线性关系。方法的精密度(RSD,n=5) 小于5%,加标回收率在98郾91% ~ 101郾08%,测 定铜铅锌矿石国家标准物质,结果与标准值相符。     

Genesis of the channel iron deposits (CID) of the Pilbara region,Western Australia

Miocene fluvial goethite/hematite channel iron deposits (CID) are part of the Cenozoic Detritals 2 (CzD2), of the Western Australian Pilbara region. They range from gravelly mudstones through granular rocks to intraformational pebble, cobble and rare boulder conglomerates, as infill in numerous meandering palaeochannels in a mature surface that includes Precambrian granitoids, volcanics, metasediments, BIF and ferruginous Palaeogene valley fill. In the Hamersley Province of the Pilbara, the consolidated fine gravels and subordinate interbedded conglomerates, with their leached equivalents, are a major source of export iron ore. This granular ore typically comprises pedogenically derived pelletoids comprising hematite nuclei and goethite cortices (ooids and lesser pisoids), with abundant coarser goethitised wood/charcoal fragments and goethitic peloids, minor clay, and generally minimal porous goethitic matrix, with late-stage episodic solution and partial infill by secondary goethite, silica and siderite (now oxidised) in places. Clay horizons and non-ore polymictic basal and marginal conglomerates are also present. The accretionary pedogenic pelletoids were mostly derived from stripping of a mature ferruginous but apparently well-vegetated surface, developed in the Early to Middle Miocene on a wide variety of susceptible rock types including BIF, basic intrusives and sediments. This deep ferruginisation effectively destroyed most remnants of the original rock textures producing a unique surface, very different to those that produced the underlying CzD1 (Palaeogene) and the overlying CzD3 (Pliocene – Quaternary). The peloids were derived both intraformationally from fragmentation and reworking of desiccated goethite-rich muds, and from the regolith. Tiny wood/charcoal fragments replaced in soil by goethite, and dehydrated to hematite, formed nuclei for many pelletoids. Additionally, abundant small (≤10 mm) fragments of wood/charcoal, now goethite, were probably replaced in situ within the consolidating CID. This profusion of fossil wood, both as pelletoid nuclei and as discrete fragments, suggests major episodic wild fires in heavily vegetated catchments, a point supported by the abundance of kenomagnetite – maghemite developed from goethite in the pelletoids, but less commonly in the peloids. The matrix to the heterogeneous colluvial and intraformational components is essentially goethite, primarily derived from modified chemically precipitated iron hydroxyoxides, resulting from leaching of iron-rich soils in an organic environment, together with goethitic soil-derived alluvial material. Major variations in the granular ore CID after deposition have resulted from intermittent groundwater flow in the channels causing dissolution and reprecipitation of goethite and silica, particularly in the basal CID zones, with surface weathering of eroded exposures playing a role in masking some of these effects. However, significant variations in rock types in both the general CID and the granular ore CID have also resulted from the effects of varied provenance.     

Peri-Gondwanan Ordovician crustal fragments in the high-grade basement of the Eastern Rhodope Massif,Bulgaria: evidence from U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology and geochemistry

Field, geochemical, and geochronologic data of high-grade basement metamafic and evolved rocks are used to identify the nature and timing of pre-Alpine crustal growth of the Rhodope Massif. These rocks occur intrusive into clastic-carbonate metasedimentary succession. Petrography and mineral chemistry show compositions consistent with Alpine amphibolite-facies metamorphism that obliterated the original igneous textures of the protoliths. Bulk-rock geochemistry identifies low-Ti tholeiitic to calc-alkaline gabbroic-basaltic and plagiogranite precursors, with MORB-IAT supra-subduction zone signature and trace elements comparable to modern back-arc basalts. The U-Pb zircon dating revealed a mean age of 455 Ma for the magmatic crystallization of the protoliths that contain inherited Cambrian (528–534 Ma) zircons. Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Eocene metamorphic events overprinted the Ordovician protoliths. The radiometric results of the metamorphic rocks demonstrate that Ordovician oceanic crust was involved in the build-up of the Rhodope high-grade basement. Dating of Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rocks overlying or cross-cutting the metamorphic rocks supplied Neoproterozoic, Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous xenocrystic zircons that were sampled en route to the surface from the basement. The volcanic rocks thus confirm sub-regionally present Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic basement. We interpret the origin of the Middle-Late Ordovician oceanic magmatism in a back-arc rift-spreading center propagating along peri-Gondwanan Cadomian basement terrane related to the Rheic Ocean widening. The results highlight the presence of elements of Cadomian northern Gondwana margin in the high-grade basement and record of Rheic Ocean evolution. The eastern Rhodope Massif high-grade basement compared to adjacent terranes with Neoproterozoic and Cambro-Ordovician evolution shares analogous tectono-magmatic record providing a linkage among basement terranes incorporated in the Alpine belt of the north Aegean region.     

鞍山-本溪地区富铁矿分布规律及成因探讨

中国的“鞍山式”（沉积变质型）铁矿常以“大、贫”著称,但鞍山-本溪地区许多铁矿床中赋存有富铁矿,其中弓长岭铁矿中的富铁矿资源量超过亿吨.通过对鞍本地区“鞍山式”铁矿的分布特征、典型矿床富铁矿体特征的研究,提出了本地区变质改造形成的富铁矿分布在一条东西长85 km、南北宽25 km范围内的认识,并认为中生代花岗岩可能也参与了部分矿区富铁矿的形成过程.