Orthopyroxene-bearing, mafic migmatites at Cone Peak, California: evidence for the formation of migmatitic granulites by anatexis in an open system

Abstract Orthopyroxene-bearing migmatites, exposed at the summit of Cone Peak in the Santa Lucia Range, California, offer an opportunity to explore potential links between granulite facies metamorphism and migmatite formation. Geothermobarometry indicates that the metamorphic temperatures and pressures were in the approximate ranges of 700–750° C and 7.0–7.5 kbar. The rocks at the summit comprise three domains: relatively coarse-grained, leucocratic veins; relatively fine-grained, biotite-enriched zones at the margins of the veins; and a biotite–hornblende-bearing host rock. Orthopyroxene is concentrated in the veins, which have also the highest ratio of anhydrous to hydrous minerals of the three rock types. The composition of the veins, together with their textures and modes, suggest that they formed through anatexis involving a dehydration-melting reaction which consumed hornblende and produced orthopyroxene. Variability in mineralogy and composition indicates that there was some local migration of magma along the veins before their final solidification. The biotite-enriched zones formed either by the concentration of residual biotite at the margins of the vein, or through the metasomatic conversion of hornblende (and/or pyroxene) to biotite, or by a combination of the two processes. Significant differences in the chemistry of the neosome (vein + biotite-enriched zone) and the host rock rule out simple dehydration melting in a local closed system. The model that explains best the mineralogical and chemical patterns involves triggering of melting by an influx of a low- a _H2O mixed fluid which added K and Si to and removed Ca from the neosome.     

氧化铁矿物催化分解苯酚的动力学速率及其产物特征

本文研究了针铁矿、纤铁矿、赤铁矿和磁铁矿在过氧化氢参与下催化分解苯酚的动力学速率与溶液pH值的关系,并用紫外吸收谱测定了反应产物的谱学特征。结果表明,纤铁矿反应体系催化分解苯酚的速率常数(k)最大,其余依次为磁铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿。在纤铁矿反应体系中又以pH=3.8时反应速率常数最大。除赤铁矿反应体系外,当溶液pH=3~4时苯酚被完全分解,并有50%~65%的有机碳(TOC)被矿化。在pH=3.25的赤铁矿反应体系中,苯酚大多仅被转化为多酚,小部分苯环被打开形成己烯酸。当溶液pH=4~5时,苯酚一般仅被转化为多酚类化合物,但TOC基本不变。当溶液pH>5时,苯酚没有发生明显的转化和矿化现象。     

Geochemical Characteristics of Archean High-Grade Terrain of Kongling Complex and Early Crustal Evolution of Yangtze Craton

ＴｈｅＹａｎｇｔｚｅａｎｄＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａｃｒａｔｏｎｓ（ｓｍＹＣａｎｄＮＣＣ）ａｒｅｔｗｏｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔｉｎＣｈｉ－ｎａ,ａｎｄｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｆａｍｏｕｓＱｉｎｌｉｎ...     

安徽省姑山铁矿床中赤铁矿微晶的聚合

安徽省姑山铁矿床的矿石产在中生代辉长闪长岩与以三叠纪页岩，粉砂岩和砂岩为主的围岩的接触带上，矿石成分主要是微晶赤铁矿，其粒径为０．０１－０．０５ｍｍ，并与玉髓和细粒石英相交生，粒径达１－２ｍｍ的赤铁矿斑晶呈板状自形晶浸染于块状矿石中，显微镜观察表明，赤铁矿自形斑晶是在成矿期后由赤铁矿微晶聚合而成的。整个聚合过程包括微晶颗粒的相互靠近，颗粒旋转，结晶方位的定向以及最终的焊结，从而形成光性均一的变斑晶     

华北板块北缘首例大型高品位隐伏斑岩型金矿床——内蒙古毕力赫金矿

内蒙古毕力赫金矿床(Ⅱ号带)是全国危机矿山接替资源勘查获得重大突破的矿床之一,由武警黄金地质研究所勘查发现(2006-2008年).矿区位于华北板块北缘叠接俯冲带南部华北板块一侧的陆相火山岩盆地中.该矿床有如下主要特点:(1)矿体呈隐伏状态(距地表1～40 m)产出于隐伏的燕山期花岗闪长斑岩体接触带内.并以内接触带为主;(2)矿体规模大(目前控制长500 m,最宽处300 m,最窄处约40 m.最大厚度128.17 m,最小厚度10.53 m,平均厚度52.85 m),品位高(平均4.5×10-6,最高52.76×10-6),单个矿体资源量达20 t以上;(3)矿石为蚀变的花岗闪长斑岩和火山岩型.前者具有典型的单向固结结构(UST).金属矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿等为主,但含量低(小于1%),金主要赋存于蚀变形成的团块状或细脉状石英中;(4)围岩蚀变以钾化、硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、青磐岩化等为主,具有富金斑岩型铜矿床的分带特征;(5)成矿温度明显分为两个区间.早期石英流体包裹体均一温度大于550℃,为含矿热液沸腾结果;中晚期温度变化在108～375℃,平均值为194℃.初步研究表明,该矿床应为独立的大型高品位斑岩型金矿床,在华北板块北缘地区为首次发现,具有典型性和代表性.对于区域相似地质环境内类似矿床的寻找和勘查具有重大示范意义.     

四川凉山州富铁矿地质特征与找矿前景分析

凉山州是四川省富铁矿最主要成矿区和富铁矿矿石的主要生产基地。笔者总结了区内富铁矿成因类型及时空分布规律,认为前震旦纪层控(岩控)型和华力西火山—次火山岩型铁矿是州内主要富铁矿类型;认为已知富铁矿区深部及外围,未查证的乙类航磁异常是寻找富铁矿的潜在地区。     

贵州三都巴言鲕状赤铁矿构造热液成因的推断及意义

贵州三都县巴言一带石炭系下统祥摆组及断裂带中可见鲕状赤铁矿。区域成矿条件对比研究发现,祥摆组无沉积赤铁矿的条件;钻孔显示赤铁矿呈脉状赋存于祥摆组至上司组断裂带中,而祥摆组正常层位无赤铁矿;沿断裂带走向追索,赤铁矿化蚀变明显,远离断裂带,祥摆组岩性为黑色炭质泥岩夹石英砂岩,岩相条件不适宜赤铁矿沉积;矿体仅分布于断裂带附近地层及破碎带中,不符合沉积矿床的一般特征。排除通过风化作用充填的可能,结合矿体的展布特征及围岩蚀变特征,推断巴言赤铁矿为构造热液成因。对巴言构造热液成因的赤铁矿"鲕粒"特征研究发现,其与正常沉积的赤铁矿"鲕粒"具有相似的特征,这将为"鲕粒"成因的深入研究提供新的线索。     

吉林省南部太古宙花岗质岩石及其成因探讨

吉林省南部早太古宙高级区和晚太古宙花岗岩—绿岩带中的英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩等广泛发育,各岩体分布明显受太古宙边缘穹隆及中央卵形隆起控制。在岩石化学特征上明显反映出英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩和钙碱性两个演化趋势。经稀土模拟计算,英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩可能由石英榴辉岩经10—40部分熔融形成。     

The Nigerian manganese-rich iron-formations and their host rocks—from sedimentation to metamorphism

This investigation deals with the Nigerian iron-formations and their host rocks and is based on about 560 mineral analyses (electron-microprobe) and 93 whole-rock analyses (64 iron-formations and 29 host rocks). The manganese-rich and Al-bearing iron-formations occurring in various schist belts of the northern and southern part of West-Nigeria consist of the magnetite-free silicate, the magnetite–silicate and the quartz-rich hematite facies.Iron-formations and host rocks originated from submarine-volcanogenic exhalations enriched in Fe, Mn and CO₂ and from Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and alkali (K₂O and Na₂O)-rich continental-derived pelitic to psammitic material. From these sources and their interaction and controlled by the volcanogenic activity, differently composed protoliths were deposited in the marine basin during the Birimian time. Subsequent metamorphism of greenschist to low amphibolite facies conditions during the Eburnian time led to the formation of the metaprotoliths of the magnetite–silicate (consisting of predominantly magnetite and quartz and subordinate of garnet and amphibole), the silicate facies (consisting of garnet, amphibole and rarely Mn-bearing ilmenite and quartz) and the metasediment phyllite. Garnets are predominantly almandine–spessartine solid solutions, whereas amphiboles are Mn and Ca-bearing grunerite–cummingtonite solid solutions. In the course of a second tectono-metamorphic event of Pan-African age, the magnetite–silicate facies iron-formation/phyllite association was transformed into the hematite facies and muscovite/biotite schists, whereas the silicate facies is characterized by extensive silicification features. The hematite facies and the silicified silicate facies are restricted to southern Nigeria where the second and heterogeneous tectono-metamorphic event is more pronounced (amphibolite facies conditions) than in northern Nigeria.The genesis, summarized as the metamorphic model, shows that the carbonate-rich (siderite, rhodochrosite and subordinate magnesite and calcite) protoliths were metamorphically transformed into the silicate and magnetite–silicate facies. The separation of Mn and Fe, leading to manganese-bearing iron-formations and iron-bearing manganese-formations was explained by varying pH-conditions, under which siderite (pH: 6.8–9.4) and rhodochrosite (pH: 9–11) precipitated.Similar to the Gunfit and Biwabik iron-formations of Minnesota, USA, the iron-formation of Bingi (Maru schist belt), now present in the form of the fayalite bearing silicate facies, was overprinted by contact metamorphism caused by a gabbro intrusion.     

Transformation of magnetite to hematite and its influence on the dissolution of iron oxide minerals

Deformed rocks of the Itabira Iron Formation (itabirites) in Brazil show microstructural evidence of pressure solution of quartz and iron oxides; it appears that magnetite was dissolved and hematite precipitated. The dissolution of magnetite seems to be related to its transformation to hematite by oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. The transformation of magnetite to hematite occurs along {111} planes, and results in the development of hematite domains along {111} that are parallel to the foliation. The difference in volume created by the transformation of magnetite to hematite and the shear stress acting on the interphase boundaries allow fluids to migrate along these planes. The dissolution of magnetite involves the hydrolyzation of the Fe²⁺—O bonds at interphase boundaries of high normal stress. The high fugacity of oxygen in the fluid phase promotes the reaction of Fe²⁺ (in solution) with oxygen. Fe²⁺ ions oxidize to Fe³⁺ and precipitate as hematite platelets with their longest axes oriented parallel to the direction of maximum stretching. The transformation of magnetite to hematite during deformation plays an important role in the fabric evolution of the iron formation rocks. The transformation along {111} creates planes of weakness that facilitate fracturing. The fracturing plus the dissolution result in a reduction of magnetite grain size, and the oriented precipitation results in layers of hematite platelets. These processes produce a new fabric characterized by a penetrative foliation and lineation.