考虑吸力变化的非饱和高液限黏土-土工织物界面剪切特性研究

以高液限土为填料的加筋挡墙广泛在南方地区应用,加筋挡墙土体吸力经常随气候变化而发生变化,直接影响筋土界面强度特性,考虑吸力变化的非饱和高液限黏土-土工织物界面强度特性亟待深入研究。利用ZFY-1A型非饱和土应变控制式直剪仪对非饱和高液限黏土-土工织物界面进行控制吸力的剪切试验,探讨吸力循环变化（干湿循环）对筋-土界面剪切特性的影响。研究表明,高液限黏土-土工织物界面的抗剪强度随着净法向应力的增加而增大;随着循环次数的增加,界面强度呈现先升高而后衰减的变化规律。经历3次干湿循环的界面强度低于未经历干湿循环的强度。随着循环次数的增加,界面强度总体上呈降低趋势。吸力增加的速率 随吸力循环次数的增加先增大后减小,有效界面摩擦角 、界面有效黏聚力 、界面综合摩擦系数 、综合摩擦系数比K与此类似。 含水率变化量的最大值随着净法向应力、循环次数的增加而增大。最大剪胀量 随循环次数的增加先增大后减小,随净法向应力的增大而减小。最后通过对数拟合,得出经历若干次基质吸力循环后的界面强度计算公式。     

The AD 1362 Öræfajökull eruption,S.E. Iceland: Physical volcanology and volatile release

The explosive rhyolitic eruption of Öræfajökull volcano, Iceland, in AD 1362 is described and interpreted based on the sequence of pyroclastic fall and flow deposits at 10 proximal locations around the south side of the volcano. Öræfajökull is an ice-clad stratovolcano in south central Iceland which has an ice-filled caldera (4–5 km diameter) of uncertain origin. The main phase of the eruption took place over a few days in June and proceeded in three main phases that produced widely dispersed fallout deposits and a pyroclastic flow deposit. An initial phase of phreatomagmatic eruptive activity produced a volumetrically minor, coarse ash fall deposit (unit A) with a bi-lobate dispersal. This was followed by a second phreatomagmatic, possibly phreatoplinian, phase that deposited more fine ash beds (unit B), dispersed to the SSE. Phases A and B were followed by an intense, climactic Plinian phase that lasted ∼ 8–12 h and produced unit C, a coarse-lapilli, pumice-clast-dominated fall deposit in the proximal region. At the end of Plinian activity, pyroclastic flows formed a poorly-sorted deposit, unit D, presently of very limited thickness and exposed distribution. Much of Eastern Iceland is covered with a very fine distal ash layer, dispersed to the NE. This was probably deposited from an umbrella cloud and is the distal representation of the Plinian fallout. A total bulk fall deposit volume of ∼ 2.3 km³ is calculated (∼ 1.2 km³ DRE). Pyroclastic flow deposit volumes have been crudely estimated to be < 0.1 km³. Maximum clast size data interpreted by 1-D models suggests an eruption column ∼ 30 km high and mass discharge rates of ∼ 10⁸ kg s^− 1. Ash fall may have taken place from heights around 15 km, above the local tropopause (∼ 10 km), with coarser clasts dispersed below that under a different wind regime. Analyses of glass inclusions and matrix glasses suggest that the syn-eruptive SO₂ release was only ∼ 1 Mt. This result is supported by published Greenland ice-core acidity peak data that also suggest very minor sulphate deposition and thus SO₂ release. The small sulphur release reflects the low sulphur solubility in the 1362 rhyolitic melt. The low tropopause over Iceland and the 30-km-high eruption column certainly led to stratospheric injection of gas and ash but little sulphate aerosol was generated. Moreover, pre-eruptive and degassed halogen concentrations (Cl, F) indicate that these volatiles were not efficiently released during the eruption. Besides the local pyroclastic flow (and related lahar) hazard, the impact of the Öræfajökull 1362 eruption was perhaps restricted to widespread ash fall across Eastern Iceland and parts of northern Europe.     

华北夏季旱涝的前期环流异常及其与北太平洋海温的关系

文章分析了华北地区夏季旱涝的前期春季大气环流和北太平洋海温异常（SSTA）分布特征,探讨SSTA与异常环流的关系,并用OSU-AGCM进行黑潮地区热源异常强迫的数值试验。结果表明,当春季北极低涡明显减弱,欧亚大陆中高纬度地区纬向环流加强,西太平洋副高位置偏北偏西,且存在负PNA型异常环流时,华北地区夏季多雨涝;反之则少雨干旱。此时,西北太平洋和赤道东太平洋SST分别存在较大的正、负异常,它们与春季环流异常密切相关,黑潮区SSTA对北半球副热带及其以北的大气环流产生显著影响,正的SSTA是造成华北夏涝年的前期春季异常环流形势的重要因素。     

Application of High Energy Dynamic Compaction in Coastal Reclamation Areas

High energy dynamic compaction (HEDC) is adopted in a coastal reclamation area because the grain size of backfilled soil mostly ranges between 20 cm and 100 cm. The in situ tests for evaluating the effectiveness of HEDC were performed on the backfilled soil ground. The crater depth per drop and the whole test zone elevations before and after HEDC were measured and analyzed. Dynamic penetration tests and spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) tests were used for investigating the improvement depth. Furthermore, the allowable bearing capacity of HEDC treated ground was determined based on the results of plate-load tests. It was found that HEDC did not cause the ground surface heave during construction, and was more effective than low energy dynamic compaction (LEDC) in terms of applied energy utilization. Based on the test results, the improvement depth of HEDC at this site was not less than 14 m, and there was no obvious weak layer within the range of improvement depth. The allowable bearing capacities were larger than 160 kPa. The investigation results indicate that the HEDC technique is an effective way for improving backfilled coarse-grained soil in coastal reclamation areas. This technique helps to achieve both greater improvement depths and higher ground bearing capacities as compared with LEDC.     

新疆比勒提地区断裂构造磁异常信息提取及解释

比勒提地区位于新疆西南天山,以该区1：50000高精度磁测数据为基础,采用解析延拓、方向导数等技术手段提取与断裂构造有关的磁异常信息,对区域内构造进行识别,结合标本物性参数统计,对引起磁异常的原因进行分析。对区域磁异常向上延拓及求一阶导数后进行对比,圈定4个特征异常带A1-A4,结合地质资料,识别出4条断裂构造FW1-FW4,FW1和FW2对应喀拉铁克断裂及其次级断裂,FW3为构造动力作用产生的强片理化带,FW4为隐伏断裂,表明高精度磁法测量在本区能有效识别断裂并反映其分布。     

Plerospheres and their role in reduction of emitted fine fly ash particles

Particles, less than PM10 in size, emitted from the stack of pulverized coal-fired power plants are of environmental concern since they can easily enter the human respiratory track. These fine particles are examined by Scanning Electron Microscope/Electron Dispersive Spectrometry （SEM/EDX）. Plerospheres are found in fly ash and are particles containing smaller particles formed during combustion of coal. The large plerospheres 〉50 μm mostly are present in ESP fly ash, indicating that they are effectively capturing fine particles and reducing their stack emission.     

地电观测专用高精度数据采集器研制

针对地震地电前兆观测,研制基于ARM9平台和32位模数转换器ADS1281的地电观测高精度数据采集系统,实现了高精度和低噪声采样.本文给出地电观测高精度数据采集系统的硬件设计、软件实现和系统指标测试结果.该系统采样率可设置为1次/s至100次/s,1至6通道任意配置,通信协议符合中国地震局地震前兆台网专用设备网络通信规程,可以满足地震地电传感器信号采集和网络接入需求.     

On the distribution of flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena

A methodology based on the theory of stochastic processes is applied to the analysis of floods. The approach will be based on some results of the theory of extreme values over a threshold. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the distribution of the flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena, by using a bivariate exponential distribution of discharge exceedances and durations over a base level.     

强夯置换软土中碎石墩形成过程的试验研究

强夯置换工程要求保证夯沉量、置换墩长度等设计指标,通常通过试夯确定必要夯击次数。研究置换墩形成机制,确定夯锤能量释放时间、填料运动规律、锤底动压力等因素,对优化强夯置换工艺有重要作用。目前有关置换墩形成机制的研究较少,往往套用强夯工程的基本参数或机制来解决。针对这一问题设计了一种模型试验方法,研究强夯冲击下填料、软土与夯锤之间的相互作用过程。试验研究表明：每次夯击中夯锤的运动加速度曲线可以分为4个阶段,分别代表了夯锤作用下土体-填料的不同运动过程;通过分析夯锤的动态力-位移曲线,阐述各阶段随夯击和填料次数变化而发生的变化及原因;随填料次数的增加,在相同夯击能下,每次夯击中夯锤的能量释放时间减小,峰值动态力增加,这反映了随着夯击次数增加,软土基础中碎石墩逐渐形成的过程。