The Hydrothermal Na-Ca Alteration at the Marginal Part 0f the Florina Granite and the Associated Magnetite-Hematite Bands With Thorium and Uranium Mineralization

The Oxia mineralized granite is the product of differentiation in the external parts of the Florina magmatic mass. Acidic hydrothermal solutions either of magmatic or of meteoric origin reacted with the upper tectonically fractured parts of the Florina granite and became enriched in iron, thorium, uranium, zircon and rare-earth elements. The most abundant alteration minerals are sericite and quartz, while the minerals of the mineralization bands include magnetite, hematite, thorite, monazite and zircon. The outer parts of the Oxia granite made it easy the percolation of hydrothermal solutions from the deeper heater to the upper cooler parts of the granite which acted as a hot spot.     

Metalliferous Sediment and a Silica-Hematite Deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone,Northeast Pacific

A Tiburon ROV dive within the East Blanco Depression (EBD) increased the mapped extent of a known hydrothermal field by an order of magnitude. In addition, a unique opal-CT (cristobalite-tridymite)-hematite mound was discovered, and mineralized sediments and rock were collected and analyzed. Silica-hematite mounds have not previously been found on the deep ocean floor. The light-weight rock of the porous mound consists predominantly of opal-CT and hematite filaments, rods, and strands, and averages 77.8% SiO₂ and 11.8% Fe₂O₃. The hematite and opal-CT precipitated from a low-temperature (≥ 115° C), strongly oxidized, silica- and iron-rich, sulfur-poor hydrothermal fluid; a bacterial mat provided the framework for precipitation.

Samples collected from a volcaniclastic rock outcrop consist primarily of quartz with lesser plagioclase, smectite, pyroxene, and sulfides; SiO₂ content averages 72.5%. Formation of these quartz-rich samples is best explained by cooling in an up-flow zone of silica-rich hydrothermal fluids within a low permeability system. Opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz mineralization found in different places within the EBD hydrothermal field likely reflects decreasing silica saturation and increasing temperature of the mineralizing fluid with increasing silica crystallinity.

Six push cores recovered gravel, coarse sand, and mud mineralized variously by Fe or Mn oxides, silica, and sulfides. Total rare-earth element concentrations are low for both the rock and push core samples. Ce and Eu anomalies reflect high and low temperature hydrothermal components and detrital phases.

A remarkable variety of types of mineralization occur within the EBD field, yet a consistent suite of elements is enriched (relative to basalt and unmineralized cores) in all samples analyzed: Ag, Au, S, Mo, Hg, As, Sb, Sr, and U; most samples are also enriched in Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn. On the basis of these element enrichments, the EBD hydrothermal field might best be described as a base- and precious-metal-bearing, silica-Fe-oxide-barite deposit. Such deposits are commonly spatially and temporally associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ores. A plot of data for pathfinder elements shows a large hot spot at the northwestern margin of the field, which may mark a region where moderate to high temperature sulfide deposits are forming at depth; further exploration of the hydrothermal field to the northwest is warranted.     

机械研磨作用对磁铁矿低温氧化及磁化率的影响

磁铁矿是岩石、土壤和沉积物中少量而又普遍存在的副矿物,是环境磁记录的主要载体.磁铁矿在表生地质过程中受到机械、生物和化学风化作用使其结构、粒径、氧化程度、磁学性质发生一系列变化,这些变化对环境磁学以及表生地质过程的研究具有重要意义.从矿物学角度研究了磁铁矿粒径、相转变、氧化程度和磁化率随着研磨时间的变化规律.结果表明,平均粒径为4 μm的磁铁矿在研磨1 h后粒径变化趋于稳定,但随着研磨时间的增加,磁化率逐步降低而氧化率逐渐增加.通过对研磨后样品进行XRD分析表明,随着研磨时间的增加,磁铁矿衍射峰强度明显减弱,衍射峰宽化,赤铁矿的衍射峰强度逐渐增强.由此可见,原生磁铁矿(对沉积物而言属于碎屑磁铁矿)低温氧化产物是赤铁矿而不是磁赤铁矿.在表生地质演化过程中颗粒的机械碰撞不仅使磁铁矿颗粒变细,而且可能影响到磁铁矿常温氧化、磁学性质和晶体结构.     

Using stratiform magnetic anomalies to map near-surface architecture: insights from the Amadeus Basin

The Amadeus Basin displays subtle magnetic anomalies that trace strata for considerable distance, highlighting complex folding patterns. Magnetic modelling techniques can be utilised on these stratiform anomalies to extrapolate the near-surface structure of the basin. However, because of the mathematical trade-off between the dip and magnetisation of bodies, the dips of the bodies cannot be known unless the magnetisation is also known. Normally it would be optimal to measure the magnetisation, but this is not always possible or feasible. In this study, we investigate the relationships between dip and magnetisation using an approach that would generally be considered a little backward, i.e. constraining magnetisation direction using geological data. Three study areas were chosen to investigate a number of stratigraphic horizons, the Waterhouse Range, Glen Helen and Ross River areas. Modelling results suggest that some layers primarily retain induced magnetisation, remanence is dominant in others, but both are present in most. Remanence is mainly associated with relatively oxidised units that contain only hematite (e.g. Arumbera Sandstone), and we have demonstrated that these magnetisations predate folding of the Ross River Syncline. In some cases, the anomalies represent redox zonation within units, e.g. the Pertatataka Formation near Glen Helen, where discrete magnetic layers correspond to thin grey (reduced, magnetite-rich) horizons interbedded with more prevalent red (oxidised, hematite-rich) horizons. We also found that where magnetised units are relatively thin and occur near the surface, their magnetic response is sharp, and in aeromagnetic data such adjacent anomalies commonly overlap to form a single anomaly, thus misrepresenting the magnetic field, and mis-mapping the actual magnetic horizons. While the magnetic properties of the causative bodies are variable, we have demonstrated that a better understanding of the magnetic properties of these magnetised horizons can be used to provide insights into the structure and tectonic history of the Amadeus Basin.     

红色花岗岩中的赤铁矿及岩石中赤铁矿的人工合成

通过对红色花岗岩的研究,发现红色花岗岩的成色矿物为赤铁矿。赤铁矿主要赋存在长石等矿物的解理缝及其显微缝隙中,赤铁矿的含量越多,颜色越红。本文对赤铁矿的成因作了简要分析,认为红色花岗岩中的赤铁矿大多为高氧逸度条件下的产物。由此设计了在花岗岩中人工合成赤铁矿的技术方法,对重要技术参数做了说明。通过在花岗岩中人工合成赤铁矿,可使普通浅色（灰白、浅肉红色）花岗岩改变为红色,对提高普通花岗岩的利用率有一定意     

红层砂岩纳米级致色剂赋存状态及地质意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群红层砂岩为例

红层是地球上广泛分布且具有特定指示环境意义的沉积物,一般认为在水体氧化环境下形成的赤铁矿胶结物是其主要致色矿物。目前,针对红层致色矿物的研究多停留在矿物识别层面,缺乏对其微观赋存状态及成因机制的深入研究。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群陆相红层为例,采用岩芯- 薄片- 阴极发光- 氩离子抛光扫描电镜的多尺度表征技术,首次揭示了红层砂岩纳米级致色剂——赤铁矿胶结物的微观赋存状态,并在此基础重新探讨了其成因机制。研究发现,红层砂岩致色剂赤铁矿胶结物主要为针状或片状,具有两种微观赋存状态：① 呈包裹型发育在净砂岩的颗粒周缘,单个矿物颗粒长度在500~1000 nm之间,宽度在50 nm以下;② 呈充填型发育在黏土矿物及云母等矿物颗粒的解理缝中,常常顺解理定向排列,受解理缝空间限制,单个矿物颗粒更小,长度一般小于500 nm,宽度在30 nm以下。红层砂岩中赤铁矿的产状和赋存状态表明其为褐铁矿早期脱水形成,在此之后又发育两期方解石胶结物,因此赤铁矿胶结物应主要形成于沉积和浅埋藏期,而非沉积后的抬升期。砂岩中赤铁矿胶结物的形成过程指示了一个干旱内陆沉积背景下大气水氧含量高的环境特征,这同样也是地质历史时期内的冰室状态,说明鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统志丹群的红层砂岩对研究该时期全球冰室状态也具有重要启示意义。     

氧化铁矿物催化分解苯酚的动力学速率及其产物特征

本文研究了针铁矿、纤铁矿、赤铁矿和磁铁矿在过氧化氢参与下催化分解苯酚的动力学速率与溶液pH值的关系,并用紫外吸收谱测定了反应产物的谱学特征。结果表明,纤铁矿反应体系催化分解苯酚的速率常数(k)最大,其余依次为磁铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿。在纤铁矿反应体系中又以pH=3.8时反应速率常数最大。除赤铁矿反应体系外,当溶液pH=3~4时苯酚被完全分解,并有50%~65%的有机碳(TOC)被矿化。在pH=3.25的赤铁矿反应体系中,苯酚大多仅被转化为多酚,小部分苯环被打开形成己烯酸。当溶液pH=4~5时,苯酚一般仅被转化为多酚类化合物,但TOC基本不变。当溶液pH>5时,苯酚没有发生明显的转化和矿化现象。     

安徽省姑山铁矿床中赤铁矿微晶的聚合

安徽省姑山铁矿床的矿石产在中生代辉长闪长岩与以三叠纪页岩，粉砂岩和砂岩为主的围岩的接触带上，矿石成分主要是微晶赤铁矿，其粒径为０．０１－０．０５ｍｍ，并与玉髓和细粒石英相交生，粒径达１－２ｍｍ的赤铁矿斑晶呈板状自形晶浸染于块状矿石中，显微镜观察表明，赤铁矿自形斑晶是在成矿期后由赤铁矿微晶聚合而成的。整个聚合过程包括微晶颗粒的相互靠近，颗粒旋转，结晶方位的定向以及最终的焊结，从而形成光性均一的变斑晶     

贵州三都巴言鲕状赤铁矿构造热液成因的推断及意义

贵州三都县巴言一带石炭系下统祥摆组及断裂带中可见鲕状赤铁矿。区域成矿条件对比研究发现,祥摆组无沉积赤铁矿的条件;钻孔显示赤铁矿呈脉状赋存于祥摆组至上司组断裂带中,而祥摆组正常层位无赤铁矿;沿断裂带走向追索,赤铁矿化蚀变明显,远离断裂带,祥摆组岩性为黑色炭质泥岩夹石英砂岩,岩相条件不适宜赤铁矿沉积;矿体仅分布于断裂带附近地层及破碎带中,不符合沉积矿床的一般特征。排除通过风化作用充填的可能,结合矿体的展布特征及围岩蚀变特征,推断巴言赤铁矿为构造热液成因。对巴言构造热液成因的赤铁矿"鲕粒"特征研究发现,其与正常沉积的赤铁矿"鲕粒"具有相似的特征,这将为"鲕粒"成因的深入研究提供新的线索。     

The Nigerian manganese-rich iron-formations and their host rocks—from sedimentation to metamorphism

This investigation deals with the Nigerian iron-formations and their host rocks and is based on about 560 mineral analyses (electron-microprobe) and 93 whole-rock analyses (64 iron-formations and 29 host rocks). The manganese-rich and Al-bearing iron-formations occurring in various schist belts of the northern and southern part of West-Nigeria consist of the magnetite-free silicate, the magnetite–silicate and the quartz-rich hematite facies.Iron-formations and host rocks originated from submarine-volcanogenic exhalations enriched in Fe, Mn and CO₂ and from Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and alkali (K₂O and Na₂O)-rich continental-derived pelitic to psammitic material. From these sources and their interaction and controlled by the volcanogenic activity, differently composed protoliths were deposited in the marine basin during the Birimian time. Subsequent metamorphism of greenschist to low amphibolite facies conditions during the Eburnian time led to the formation of the metaprotoliths of the magnetite–silicate (consisting of predominantly magnetite and quartz and subordinate of garnet and amphibole), the silicate facies (consisting of garnet, amphibole and rarely Mn-bearing ilmenite and quartz) and the metasediment phyllite. Garnets are predominantly almandine–spessartine solid solutions, whereas amphiboles are Mn and Ca-bearing grunerite–cummingtonite solid solutions. In the course of a second tectono-metamorphic event of Pan-African age, the magnetite–silicate facies iron-formation/phyllite association was transformed into the hematite facies and muscovite/biotite schists, whereas the silicate facies is characterized by extensive silicification features. The hematite facies and the silicified silicate facies are restricted to southern Nigeria where the second and heterogeneous tectono-metamorphic event is more pronounced (amphibolite facies conditions) than in northern Nigeria.The genesis, summarized as the metamorphic model, shows that the carbonate-rich (siderite, rhodochrosite and subordinate magnesite and calcite) protoliths were metamorphically transformed into the silicate and magnetite–silicate facies. The separation of Mn and Fe, leading to manganese-bearing iron-formations and iron-bearing manganese-formations was explained by varying pH-conditions, under which siderite (pH: 6.8–9.4) and rhodochrosite (pH: 9–11) precipitated.Similar to the Gunfit and Biwabik iron-formations of Minnesota, USA, the iron-formation of Bingi (Maru schist belt), now present in the form of the fayalite bearing silicate facies, was overprinted by contact metamorphism caused by a gabbro intrusion.