Experimental Study of Factors Controlling Sorption of Heavy Metals on Ariake Clay and Implication for Practice

A series of batch tests have been presented to investigate the effects of solid-solution contact time, solid:solution ratio, and pH of solution on sorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on Ariake clay from Kyushu region of Japan. The results show that, among the three investigated factors, solid:solution ratio (SD/SN) seems to be the crucial controlling factor. The Freundlich sorption parameters determined from the batch tests were applied to a typical field landfill in which the Ariake clay was used as soil barrier. The impacts of the landfill were assessed by numerical analysis. Based on the analysis result, the significance of selecting proper solid:solution ratio for determining sorption parameters from batch test has been discussed.     

Rare Earth and Metal Geochemistry of Land and Submarine Phosphorites in the Baja California Peninsula,Mexico

The geochemical composition of phosphorites and phosphatic sediments in the Baja California peninsula is studied and used to assess the environment in which phosphogenesis took place. The deposits are classified in three groups: (1) stratified phosphorites, (2) phosphatic sandy sediments from beaches and dunes, and (3) submarine sediments. Some of the elements that might have substituted Ca and PO₄ during francolite mineralization were studied by means of ICP-AES. Significant differences are seen in the concentration of these metals (e.g., Cr = 72-406 μg g^?1 and V = 17-198 μg g^?1), indicating that their concentration is not only controlled by the P₂O₅ concentration, but also by paleo-environmental conditions existing during francolite precipitation. Shale normalized REE patterns suggest two main environments of formation: (1) a strong negative Ce anomaly (< ? 0.3) and La enrichment (La/Nd ≥ 1) enrichment, suggesting well oxygenated shelf environments and probably lower light REE weathering, and (2) a weak negative Ce anomaly (> ? 0.3) and La depletion (La/Nd ≤ 1) suggesting shallower waters or restricted circulation and probably LREE weathering.     

Environmental Issues Pertaining to the Kwale Mineral Sands Project,Kenya's South Coast—Reply

Tiomin Resources Inc. (“Tiomin”), the proponent of the Kwale Mineral Sands Project in Kenya, presents a response to the article authored by J. O. Z. Abuodha and P. O. Hayombe, entitled “Protracted Environmental Issues on a Proposed Titanium Minerals Development in Kenya's South Coast”, published in Volume 24, Number 2, April–June 2006. This article contains a series of inaccuracies, some grossly misleading and many statements relate to outdated information. Tiomin is greatly concerned at the publication of such a misleading report and is obliged to state the facts correctly. This response seeks to identify the misrepresentation of statements and/or facts in the article and present a correct and accurate perspective on the environmental issues of the project.     

Copper,chromium, and lead in Manukau Harbour sediments

A limited survey was undertaken to determine the concentrations of copper, lead, and chromium in sediments of the upper Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The concentrations of copper and chromium (33–70 and 70–107 μg g^‐1 respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other New Zealand harbours. However, lead concentrations (98–247 μg g^‐1) were higher than those found for the other harbours. This may be a consequence of higher traffic densities in the surrounding area.     

Cadmium,lead, copper,and zinc in Elminius modestus Darwin (Crustacea,Cirripedia) from Waitemata and Manukau Harbours,Auckland, New Zealand

Abstract

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in adult barnacles (Elminius modestus Darwin) from Waitemata and Manukau Harbours in the Auckland area, New Zealand. As in studies on sediments reported in the literature, it was possible to identify areas of likely anthropogenic influence, e.g., around the Auckland Harbour Bridge for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Groups of individuals with highest concentrations for these metals showed 19.8–23.8 mg Pb kg^?1, 198–266 mg Cu kg^?1, and 4460–6530 mg Zn kg^?1 (95% confidence limits, dry weight basis). Cd concentrations found for all barnacles from the Auckland area ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 mg kg^?1. Two samples from Omaha Beach, 60 km north of Auckland, were used as a reference. Accordingly, groups of individuals with lowest concentrations for Pb, Cu, and Zn could be allocated to this site using the Student‐Newman‐Keuls Multiple Range Test (0.5–1.3 mg Pb kg^?1, 8–10 mg Cu kg^?1, and 144–214 mg Zn kg^?1 ; 95% confidence limits). Only Cd concentrations were highest at Omaha Beach (8.6–12.1 mg Cd kg^?1 ). This result may have arisen from “naturally” increased bio‐availabilities of certain metals in mangrove systems which are reported in the literature. Generally, metal concentrations in barnacles from the Auckland Harbour area and from Omaha Beach were within the wider range for E. modestus as well as other barnacle species reported in the international literature.     

冰封期水动力水质模型在松花江水污染事件中的应用

根据研究流域特点建立了冰封期水动力水质模型,结合冰封期水位测量的特点,对水位模拟结果进行了修正,分别利用2006和2007年水文监测数据对模型进行了率定和验证,利用模型对2005年松花江硝基苯水污染事件进行模拟。计算结果表明:建立的冰封期水动力水质模型能够很好地适用于该地区,部分断面硝基苯质量浓度峰值的相对误差为5%~13%,峰值出现时间的绝对误差为2~3 h。利用模型预测了上游边界流量增加20%及减少5%对水质的影响,结果表明:流量增加导致污染团峰值提前22 h到达摆渡河断面,硝基苯质量浓度峰值降低了15%,流量减少导致峰值延迟6 h到达摆渡河断面,质量浓度峰值升高了4.6%。     

黄土对Cr(III)的吸附特性及机理研究

铬是一种重金属痕量元素,人体通过食物链摄入过量的铬会在人体内富集,随之产生中毒反应。研究Cr(III)的浓度、反应时间、反应温度、pH值等因素对Cr(III)在黄土上吸附特性的影响,结果表明黄土对Cr(III)的吸附非常迅速,并且吸附量非常大,等温吸附模型Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)模型都能很好地解释Cr(III)在黄土上的吸附过程。热动力学分析表明,吸附是一个自发的过程,升温可促进吸附作用的进行。随着温度的不断升高,Cr(III)的吸附量逐渐增大。溶液的pH值是影响Cr(III)吸附效果的一个重要因素,当pH>6时,Cr(III)几乎完全被去除。利用X光衍射图谱和红外光谱分析,探讨黄土与Cr(III)的结合机制,黄土中的高岭土、石英等黏土矿物以及有机质成分对吸附过程起重要作用。     

MCC转为带状MCSs过程中水平涡度的变化与暴雨的关系

利用实况资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2010年6月18—19日的一次MCC转带状MCSs的暴雨过程进行数值模拟与诊断分析。结果表明:850 hPa西南涡和切变线的形成与维持是影响此次暴雨产生的中尺度系统,前期MCC的形成到成熟以低涡降水为主,后期的圆形MCC转为带状MCSs主要为切变线降水。在雨区附近,u、v的垂直切变所形成的强水平涡度造成的旋转,对应垂直环流的上升支可触发暴雨产生,垂直方向上u、v不同的分布可形成不同的垂直环流。低涡与切变线附近的水平涡度有明显差异,这种差异导致暴雨形成的原因不同,低涡暴雨主要由v的垂直切变造成,切变线暴雨主要由u、v的垂直切变共同作用,本次过程中v的垂直切变构成了沿切变线的东西向雨带,u的垂直切变沿纬向的不均匀性引起的垂直运动与切变线上MCSs的生成、发展和多雨团的形成关系密切。低涡、切变线降水中心附近的正倾侧项（水平涡度向垂直正涡度转换）也有类似的差异,低涡的转换主要由?v/?p<0决定,切变线的转换主要由-?u/?p>0决定。水平涡度向垂直涡度的转换尺度较小,易在平均状态下被忽略。倾侧项主要有利于暴雨的加强,但对西南涡、切变线的发展贡献较小。      

上海短历时强降水的雷达和闪电活动特征

用雷达反射率及其导出产品(分层垂直液态水含量(VIL)、分层平均反射率等)与闪电和大气温度层结资料,通过对降水系统时间演变、反射率垂直结构和闪电活动的分析,将上海2010年6—11月的短时强降水(1 h雨量≥20 mm)分为层状暖云型、对流暖云主导型和对流冷云主导型。(1) 与雨强密切相关的关键因子是:低层(0 ℃层以下、高度在0～1 km、0～2 km、0～3 km和0～4 km)的VIL、低层(高度在1～2 km、2～3 km和3～4 km)的平均反射率和整层最大反射率;(2) 不同类型强降水中,高层(高度在0 ℃、-10 ℃和-20 ℃层以上)的VIL、整层VIL、高层(高度在5～6 km、6～7 km和7～8 km)的平均反射率、总地闪和负地闪频次这5个因子对雨强的作用各有不同;(3) 对应不同降水类型的平均反射率垂直廓线具有不同的垂直结构和发展演变特征;(4) 在三类强降水中,对流冷云主导型的雨强与总地闪和正地闪的相关性最好。      

北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。