Crude-oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction in the northern Songliao Basin

Crude oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction are important bases in petroleum exploration.A total of 54 oil/heavy-oil samples and 17 oil sands were analyzed and quantified using both comprehensive 2D gas chromatography(GC×GC)and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC/TOFMS).The results show that crude oil in the West slope is mainly heavy oil and its hydrocarbon composition is characterized overall by paraffinsmono-aromaticsnaphthenesnon-hydrocarbonsdi-aromaticstri-aromaticstetra-aromatics.Aromatics are most abundant and non-hydrocarbons are least abundant,whilst content differences among paraffins,naphthenes,aromatics,and non-hydrocarbons are less than 15%.There are two types of heavy oil,secondary type and mixing type.Biodegradation is the main formation mechanism of heavy oil.Biodegradation levels cover light biodegradation,moderate biodegradation,and severe biodegradation.With increasing biodegradation,paraffin content decreases while contents of aromatics and nonhydrocarbons increase.In contrast,naphthene content increases first and then decreases with increasing biodegradation.In severe biodegradation stage,naphthenes decrease more quickly than aromatics and non-hydrocarbons.This provides a new method for studying oil/heavy-oil biodegradation mechanism and biodegradation resistance of different hydrocarbons at different biodegradation stages.In the Longhupao-Daan terrace and Qijia-Gulong depression,most crude oil is conventional oil.Its composition is dominated by paraffins with the lowest content of aromatics.In some casual oil wells from the Longhupao-Daan terrace,crude oil from Saertu oil reservoirs is moderately biodegraded whereas crude oil from Putaohua oil reservoir is lightly biodegraded.Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of biodegraded oil,especially of moderately or severely biodegraded oil,whilst Ts/(Ts+Tm)ratio can be used to determine thermal maturity of both conventional crude oil and heavy oil.     

1965-2012年甘肃平凉地区大雪天气气候特征

利用甘肃平凉地区7个气象自动站1965-2012年的逐日气象整编资料, 统计出近48 a来大雪天气出现次数, 分析了平凉大雪天气的统计特征和气候变化规律, 然后用近14 a历史天气图资料对31次大雪过程进行对比分型, 总结出三类天气形势的特征. 结果表明: 1965-2012年48 a来, 平凉大雪天气出现次数总体变化趋势不显著; 大雪天气多集中出现在秋冬、冬春冷暖季节交替的时期, 冬春交替期间出现次数多于秋冬交替期间, 隆冬季节出现次数相对较少. 平凉产生大雪天气的主要天气形势有三类: 高原低槽型、西风带小槽型和阻高-横槽型, 三类形势中最多的是高原低槽型, 其他两类出现概率相差不到10个百分点.     

淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸对重金属污染土工程特性的影响

以重金属铅（Pb2+）污染土和淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）为研究对象,通过批次试验研究了不同浓度EDTA的淋洗对Pb2+污染土的渗透特性、持水特性、压缩特性、抗剪强度等工程特性的影响,为淋洗修复后土壤的二次利用提供参数支持。基于矿物成分、孔隙结构等微观试验,揭示了土壤工程特性变化的内在机制。研究结果表明,当淋洗剂EDTA浓度从0增加到0.15 mol/L,经淋洗修复后的污染土壤pH值从7.94下降到5.12,渗透系数降低超过一个数量级,黏聚力降低50%以上,而内摩擦角增大,持水性能提高,孔隙比从0.81下降到了0.76。微观试验的结果表明,随着淋洗剂浓度的增大,土壤中的蒙脱石、钠长石和伊利石矿物含量减少,石英矿物含量增加,其中蒙脱石含量从7.87%下降到了0.07%,而石英矿物含量增加了11.09%;淋洗后土壤单位质量进汞量由0.22 ml/g降低到0.15 ml/g,土壤总孔隙体积减少。重金属污染土淋洗修复工程在考虑重金属去除率及经济性指标的同时,还应考虑淋洗剂对土壤工程特性的弱化。