基于SWAT模型的梅江流域非点源污染时空分布特征

利用SWAT模型对亚热带季风湿润区红壤背景下江西省梅江流域非点源污染进行了模拟,并根据实测数据对模型的参数进行了率定和验证。在确定模型适用性的基础上,进行氮、磷营养盐负荷计算,分析了流域非点源污染负荷时空分布特征。结果表明：研究区非点源污染负荷具有显著的时空分布特征,在时间变化上,氮、磷污染负荷与降雨有明显相关性,R2分别是0.909和0.921;硝态氮年平均污染物负荷排放方式主要以下渗为主,下渗硝态氮排放量占总量的63%,与流域内高植被覆盖率有关;在空间分布上,有机氮与有机磷空间分布基本一致,流域内污染物主要分布在梅江中下游的黄陂河与会同河流域,不同土地利用下非点源污染负荷以耕地排放量为主。     

化工污染气体无人机遥感监测

无人机大气环境监测虽然处于起步阶段,但已成为环保部门一项重要的工作内容,对于提高突发性大气污染事件的预防及应急监测具有重要意义。本文以化工污染气体排放高危区齐鲁化学工业区为研究区,利用搭载有高分辨率相机和污染气体监测仪的旋翼无人机（“环鹰一号”）系统,结合地面核查验证的方式,设计了一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化碳（CO）和二氧化硫（SO₂）3种污染气体污染遥感监测流程及方法。通过实验区地面验证,以及150、200、250、350 m高度污染气体浓度监测结果分析表明,化工园区污染气体排放具有空间水平差异及垂直扩散特征,联合水平和垂直异常值分析,能为提前排查污染源排放提供有效支撑。本研究是无人机在环保部门大气环境监测中的实际应用,能为后续化工园区及重点企业污染物排放定期监管提供技术支持。     

Evaluation of geochemical behavior and heavy metal distribution of sediments：The case study of the Tirumalairajan river estuary,southeast coast of India

The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical partitioning of selected heavy metals(Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Co and Ni) in 10 surface sediments at Tirumalairajan River Estuary in the southeastern coast of India.A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to assess the environmental status of heavy metals.Most of metals were considered to be immobile due to the high availability in the residual fraction of heavy metals.The sediments of Tirumalairajan River estuary had not been polluted by heavy metals,and they didn’t pose any high ecological risk.The seasonal variations of heavy metals were slightly higher in summer than in monsoon season.Factor analysis was also carned out to understand the associations of metals in different fractions with sand,silt,clay,organic matter,pH,salinity and other metals.The relationship between the Q-mode and R-mode cluster analyses was useful for identifying the pollution levels in both seasons.It was proved that the enrichment of heavy metals was related with geogenic and anthropogenic sources.The information on total metal concentrations in sediments was not sufficient for assessing the metal behavior in the environment,but the sequential extraction technique was more effective in estimating the environmental impact of contaminated sediments.     

压裂液在煤层中的运移模拟研究

为给山西省临县三交区块的地下水环境保护提供科学依据,运用地下水数值模拟技术对压裂液在煤层中的运移进行了预测。在分析研究区地质结构的基础上,建立了水文地质概念模型,将山西组3^#煤层概化为一个承压含水层,其上覆二叠系砂岩、泥岩作为隔水层,下伏的泥岩、砂岩互层作为隔水层,并确定了地下水系统的边界条件。运用地下水模型软件(Feflow)对研究区内的压裂液在煤层中的运移进行了模拟和预测,预测结果表明,压裂液在煤层中的的运移范围在煤层压裂影响范围以内,即压裂井周围300 m范围内。     

土壤重金属连续提取方法的优化

重金属在污染土壤中的形态分布决定着重金属的迁移性和危害的程度。土壤重金属形态分析应用最多的是Tessier和BCR连续提取法。Tessier和BCR连续提取法没有考虑土壤样品的特征。美国环保署危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准法虽然考虑土壤pH值,但没有划分形态。采集不同pH土样,结合Tessier、BCR和毒性浸出鉴别方法的特征,优化出针对不同pH值土壤的连续提取方法,将土壤中重金属划分为活性态、次生碳酸盐结合态、次稳定态和稳定态。用优化的连续提取方法对土样进行连续提取,重金属回收率为85%~115%。优化连续提取方法的结果与Tessier和BCR结果对比显示优化连续提取方法克服了Tessier连续提取法对非石灰质土壤提取过量BCR连续提取法对石灰质土壤提取不足的缺点。优化后的连续提取方法数据稳定可靠,可作为重金属形态分析方法使用。     

Distribution and source of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the near-shore area,north Jiangsu Province,China

Samples of surface sediment and vibrocore were collected in the near-shore area of north Jiangsu Province for grain size, elements, ²¹⁰Pb_excess and ¹³⁷Cs analyses. In our study area, the diversity of metal concentration was controlled not by the grain size, but by the source. The element content of the old Yellow River Delta was used as baseline for our study area. Geoaccumulation indexes indicate that no station was polluted by Cu, Pb, Zn and As, but the I_geo values of As were close to zero in some stations. Slight pollution caused by Cd was observed in some stations. Correlation and enrichment factors suggest that Cu, Pb and Zn are lithogenic in origin, while As and Cd are mixed in origin. Especially, in some polluted stations Cd was obviously anthropogenic in origin.     

Assessment of heavy metals/metalloid (As,Pb, Cd,Ni, Zn,Cr, Cu,Mn) concentrations in edible fish species tissue in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China

The major aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal content of edible fish in the PRD. Eleven species of fish (consisting of 711 individuals) [catfish (Clarias fuscus), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), mandarin fish (Siniperca kneri), snakehead (Channa asiatiea), black bass (Micropterus salmoides), mangrove snapper (Lutjanus griseus), star snapper (Lutjanu stellatus), snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)] were collected for the analyses of heavy metals. Overall concentrations (mg/kg, ww) in the fish muscles were: As (0.03–1.53), Pb (0.03–8.62), Cd (0.02–0.06), Ni (0.44–9.75), Zn (15.7–29.5), Cr (0.22–0.65), Cu (0.79–2.26), Mn (0.82–6.91). Significant level of Pb were found in tilapia at all locations. It is recommended that heavy metal concentrations in different fish species must be determined on a regular basis in the future so as to reduce human health risks from acute and chronic food intoxication.     

Anthropogenic lead concentrations and sources in Baltic Sea sediments based on lead isotopic composition

The Gulf of Gdańsk is influenced by heavy metals of anthropogenic origin. In this study, temporal concentration changes of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu were studied in six, 50 cm long sediment cores. The main aim of the study was to concentrate on the history of Pb fluxes and Pb isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) to trace Pb sources. The lowest Pb concentrations (19 μg g⁻¹) were measured in sediments deposited circa 1860, while the highest Pb concentrations (63–147 μg g⁻¹) were measured in sediments deposited between 1960s and 70s. Pre-industrial Pb fluxes were 7 Pb m² year⁻¹, while after WWII they reached 199 Pb m² year⁻¹. Highest ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios (∼1.22) were measured in the oldest sediment layers, and the lowest ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios (∼1.165) were measured in the sediments deposited in 1970s–90s. During the period of highest Pb contamination, the anthropogenic Pb fraction reached up to 93%. A general discussion of the Pb sources, emissions, and loads for Poland is included.     

Anthropogenic land-use signals propagate through stream food webs in a California,USA, watershed

Human development of watersheds can change aquatic ecosystems via multiple pathways. For instance, human rural development may add nutrients to ecosystems. We used naturally occurring stable isotopes in stream food webs to investigate how land use affects stream ecosystems across a gradient of land development in the San Lorenzo watershed, California. Road density was used as a proxy for land development. We found that streams in watersheds with higher road densities had elevated concentrations of phosphate and nitrate. Furthermore, algal δ¹⁵N values increased as a function of nitrate concentration, but saturated at approximately 6‰. This saturating pattern was consistent with a two-source mixing model with anthropogenic and watershed sources, fit using Bayesian model fitting. In sites that had >2.6 km roads km⁻², anthropogenic sources of N were estimated to represent >90% of the N pool. This anthropogenic N signal was propagated to stream consumers: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), signal crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus), and benthic invertebrate δ¹⁵N were positively correlated with algal δ¹⁵N. Even relatively low density rural human land use may have substantial impacts on nutrient cycling of stream ecosystems.