Orthotropic frost heaving force distribution characteristics for tunnel structures under hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling;

In cold regions,the frost heave of surrounding rock could lead to additional force on lining struc⁃ tures,which impairs the durability and safety of tunnels. This paper analyzed the distribution characteristics of tunnels’frost heave force in seasonally frozen regions. Firstly,energy conservation and mass conservation prin⁃ ciples were introduced,and a hydro-thermal-mechanical coupling model of frozen surrounding rock considering orthotropic frost heaving deformation was constructed. The reliability of the model was verified with the monitor⁃ ing result of the Qingshashan tunnel. Furthermore,the numerical model of the Dongtianshan tunnel was con⁃ structed,and distribution characteristics of temperature fields,water fields,and frost heave force were studied. In addition,various influencing factors on the tunnel’s frost heave force were analyzed,including the minimum temperature,the initial formation water content,the modulus ratio of the frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock,and the orthotropic frost heave coefficient. The simulation results show that the frozen depth of the tunnel is not uniform,the smallest at the arch foot and the largest at the center of the inverted arch. The maximum frozen depth difference was 48 cm. The frozen depth difference was due to the largest geometric curvature at the arch foot. At the same time,due to the minimum freezing depth and largest geometric curvature at the arch foot,the bending and folding of the arch foot of the lining are the most significant,and the von Mises stress at the arch foot is the largest. During one freezing-thawing period,the water content change includes four stages：freezing,thawing,stagnating and dissipating. After 20 freeing-thawing periods,in the water stagnating stage,the volu⁃ metric water contents at the lining top and sides increased by 10. 46% and 4. 21%,respectively,and the volumet⁃ ric water contents at the arch foot and lining bottom decreased slightly. The frozen surrounding rock produced both normal and tangential stress on the lining. Among them,the top arch and inverted arch are mainly manifest⁃ ed as compressive stress,while the compressive stress of the arch foot is minor and partially represented as ten⁃ sile stress. The frost heave force distribution patterns under different minimum air temperatures,initial water contents,modulus ratios between frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock,and orthotropic coefficients of frost heave deformation are the same. Normal stress distributions outside the lining are“mushroom-shaped”as a whole. The decrease in temperature could extend the freezing area,and the increase of orthotropic frost heave deformation coefficient could concentrate frost heave strain’s direction,which could significantly promote the frost heave force. The modulus ratio between frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock was negatively related to frost heave force,and the initial water content was positively related to frost heave. The orthotropic coefficient of frost heave deformation has the most significant influence on the value and distribution of frost heave force. After 20 years of freeze-thaw cycles,the difference of water field under different initial formation water content reduced,which leads to the little difference in frost heaving force of the tunnel under different initial formation water contents. The frost heave force distribution is mainly the result of the competition between the temperature field and the lining geometry. The minimum freezing depth leads to the smallest frost heave force at the arch foot. However,the deformation of the lining causes the arch foot to press against the surrounding rock,which could increase the compressive stress on the arch foot. For the tunnel with a small lining thickness,the extrusion effect of the arch foot to the outer surrounding rock is more prominent,which leads to a more considerable frost pressure at the arch foot. Overall,the frost heave force distribution of tunnels in cold regions should consider the influence of temperature conditions,water conditions,anisotropy of surrounding rock frost heave deformation,and lining geometry. Copyright © 2023 Institute of Microbiology, CAS. All rights reserved.     

饱和正冻土水分迁移及冻胀模型研究

正冻土在温度梯度大的情况下,冻结锋面快速移动,孔隙水变成冰,造成原位体积膨胀;而通常在天然条件下,温度梯度都不大,水从未冻区向冻结区迁移,在某一个位置引起冰的累积,形成分凝冰。由于此诱发的冻胀要比原位冻胀大很多,因此,建立一个能够模拟土体水分迁移及分凝冰形成过程的冻胀模型尤其重要。基于第2冻胀理论,建立了饱和土体冻胀模型。在模型中,假设冻结缘中单位时间内水分迁移速度为常数,以计算冻结缘内水压力,再根据克拉方程得到冰压力。根据冰压力的大小作为分凝冰形成判据,研究中假设新的分凝冰形成以后,上一层分凝冰停止生长。模型把水分迁移和冻胀速率当作基本的未知量,模拟了与可天然土体冻胀类似的底部无压补水和顶部加压的冻胀情况。通过数值模拟与试验结果进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,其研究结果为实际寒区工程的冻胀预测提供参考。     

Formation and early development of tetraspores of Polysiphonia urceolata （Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta）

Polysiphonia urceolata is one type of potential commercial red seaweeds used for breeding and cultivation, because of its significant biochemical and biomedical application. However, the information of breeding and seedling incubation for cultivation is limited, especially the early development. In this study, tetrasporohyte and gametophyte of P. urceolata were taken as the study materials in Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China. The cleaned and sterilized tetrasporophytes and gametophytes were pre-cultured in sterilized seawater, then nurtured at 18°C, 25 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ in 12:12 h (light:dark) photoperiod. Continuous observation under microscope showed that the early development consists of bipolar division stage and seedling stage. In the division stage, tetraspores germinate into bipolar sporelings that further differentiate into a colorless rhizoidal portion and a lightly pigmented upright shoot. The lightly pigmented rhizoidal cell develops to a rhizoid and the larger pigmented cell transforms to an erect axis. In the seedling stage, several quasi-protuberances appear on the erect axis and form juvenile seedlings. The results demonstrate the culture of P. urceolata from tetraspores under laboratory conditions. Supported by National Key Technology Support Program, Development Program of China (No.2006AA09Z21), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40618001 and N_CUHK438/06) and Shandong Agricultural Seed Stock Breeding Project     

Tectonics of the Simplon massif and Lepontine gneiss dome: deformation structures due to collision between the underthrusting European plate and the Adriatic indenter

This study presents a review of published geological data, combined with original observations on the tectonics of the Simplon massif and the Lepontine gneiss dome in the Western Alps. New observations concern the geometry of the Oligocene Vanzone back fold, formed under amphibolite facies conditions, and of its root between Domodossola and Locarno, which is cut at an acute angle by the Miocene, epi- to anchizonal, dextral Centovalli strike-slip fault. The structures of the Simplon massif result from collision over 50 Ma between two plate boundaries with a different geometry: the underthrusted European plate and the Adriatic indenter. Detailed mapping and analysis of a complex structural interference pattern, combined with observations on the metamorphic grade of the superimposed structures and radiometric data, allow a kinematic model to be developed for this zone of oblique continental collision. The following main Alpine tectonic phases and structures may be distinguished:

不同围岩条件下大跨隧道的施工方案探讨

以内昆线上３座大跨车站隧道修建为对象,针对３个具体工点的不同地质条件下所采取的不同施工方案进行了分析比较,为以后大跨隧道的设计施工提供了参考。     

Groundwater flow and capture zone analysis of the Central Passaic River Basin, New Jersey

Delineating capture zones of pumping wells is an important part of safe drinking water and well protection programs. Capture zones or contributing areas of a groundwater extraction well are the parts of the aquifer recharge areas from which the wells draw their water. Their extent and location depend on the hydrogeologic conditions such as groundwater recharge, pumping scenario and the aquifer properties such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, heterogeneity of the medium and hydraulic gradient. Different methods of delineation can be used depending on the complexity of the hydrogeologic conditions. In this study, a 3-dimensional transient numerical MODFLOW model was developed for the Central Passaic River Basin (CPRB), and used with a MODPATH particle tracking code to determine 3-dimensional transient capture zones. Analytically calculated capture zones from previous studies at the site were compared with the new numerically simulated capture zones. The study results revealed that the analytical solution was more conservative, estimating larger capture zones than the numerical models. Of all the parameters that can impact the size, shape and location of a capture zone, the hydraulic conductivity is one of the most critical. Capture zones tend to be smaller in lower hydraulic conductivity areas.