1991年江淮暴雨时期的能量和水汽循环研究

通过对 1991年 5～ 7月江淮暴雨期全球范围的水汽输送和不同降水过程中江淮暴雨区及其临近区域的水汽收支和视热源和视水汽汇的计算分析得到了以下结论 :( 1)从水汽输送的机制来看 ,一方面 ,有大量的水汽以定常涡动的方式从孟加拉湾及南海输送到中国江淮地区 ;另一方面 ,江淮地区的瞬变涡动水汽向北输出 ,这可能与江淮地区频繁活动的α和β中尺度系统有关 ,它们将江淮地区汇集的充沛的水汽除了大部分以降水形式降下外 ,剩余部分继续向水汽较少的高纬地区输出 ,以维持全球水汽的平衡。( 2 )在降水过程中 ,局地蒸发项在水汽的供应中或再循环中十分重要 ,其数值一般为降水量的 13 ～ 12 ,这与1998年的降水情况相似。( 3 )在降水过程中 ,暴雨区的水汽主要是从南边界和西边界流入的 ,东边界和北边界则流出 ,并且水汽的流入、流出主要在中低层进行。 (a)在流入边界上 ,水汽通量的垂直分布存在差异 ,暴雨区西边界和南边界的水汽流入的垂直差异可能与其所在的地理位置有密切关系。 (b)对于暴雨区 ,不同强度的降水过程水汽的主要来源有所不同。( 4)在 5次降水过程中 ,视热源和视水汽汇的较大值对应降水的大值区 ,表明了水汽凝结加热对大气加热所起的主要作用。梅雨期降水 ,以对流性降水为主 ,对流活动随季节变化     

“93.5”黑风暴发展期中尺度期热量和水汽收支诊断

１９９３年５月４—６日（“９３．５”）在我国西北地区发生了一次极具破坏力的“黑风暴”。为了诊断这次黑风暴发展期的热量和水汽收支，使用了具有高分辨ＰＢＬ参数化及４０ｋｍ细网络的ＭＭ４对该例控制模拟的输出资料和热量与水汽收支方程。对视热源（Ｑ１）和视水汽汇（Ｑ２）的诊断结果指出，Ｑ１的垂直积分在黑风暴的前部和后部分别呈现一条显著的加热带和冷却带。在黑风暴区，Ｑ１和Ｑ２的区域平均垂直廓线揭示，黑风暴的Ｑ１加热主要发生在对流层的上部，而其中部加热主要出现在发展初期；与Ｑ１相应，Ｑ２在低空和中空分别发生明显的增湿变冷和变干加热。这些结果不仅与因黑风暴过程而观测到的强剧强降温率一致，而且也为改进和发展用于模拟和预报黑风暴的中尺度数值模式提供了一些物理依据     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON DOMINATING FACTOR AND KEY AREA OF EL NINO CYCLE FORMATION*

A coupled model,which is employed to study the dominating factor and key area of El Nino cycle formation,consists of a dynamical ocean model and a statistical atmospheric model.The coupled model with seasonal forcing successfully reproduces the El Nino event cycle which exhibits quasi-regular oscillations with a preferred period of about 4 years.The results show that the heat content(HC) is transported between the eastern and the western tropical Pacific areas.The spatial distribution of HC anomalies for four phases of the whole cycle clearly shows a possible formation mechanism of El Nino.Experiments further suggest that sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific and HC in the central tropical Pacific are the most important factors and the central tropical Pacific is the most important area for determining formation of El Nino cycle.     

湖南东江水库诱发地震

东江水库自蓄水前约半年起就开始进行地震监测，发震后通过密集台网强化观测、震源机制解及地震地质等多项工作，综合研究该库诱发地震发震原因，认为由于库水渗透引起的多种局部性应力调整导致水库诱发地震活动．其发展趋势将表现为逐渐衰减，今后不致于发生破坏性地震．     

Turbulent fluxes over inhomogeneous landscape

Mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes over a complex terrain surrounded by oceans have been investigated using a 3-D numerical mesoscale model, under conditions with and without synoptic flows. The study indicated that under synoptically calm condition, the allocation and intensity of mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes (MSTFs) were greatly impacted by the thermally forced mesoscale circulation (TFMC) over mesoscale heterogeneous landscape. The max-imum values of sensible (Hs) and latent (LE) heat fluxes were located over the convergent zones and considerably im-pacted by the soil wetness (M), but did not depend strongly on the atmospheric background thermal stability (β0). The simulated results suggested that the sensible heat flux was closely proportional to the square of wind speed in the surface layer. By the action of synoptic flow, the allocation of LE was shifted to downwind, its intensity increased.     

城市化对北京平均气温的影响

本文利用北京（观象台）及周围几个气象台站月平均气温资料，滑动平均后，采用主成分分析方法，再进行倾向性分析，探讨了北京城市化对气平均气温的影响，估算对北京（观象台）气温记录的影响约为０．２１℃／３３ａ推断市中心二环路以内强烈地影响。     

松潘两岔河高砷高锑金矿石氰化提金工业试验

高砷高锑金矿石属难处理矿石之一，通过对两岔河高砷高锑金矿石采用碱浸预处理后进行堆浸和池浸氰化提金试验，获得了金浸出率76．80％和86．76％的较好指标，为该矿床的开发利用提供了一个工艺简单、经济上可行的途径。     

Book Reviews

Committee on Protection and Management of Pacific Northwest Anadromous Salmonids Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest Cook, Ian G; Doel, Marcus A. and Li, Rex (eds.) Fragmented Asia: Regional Integration and National Disintegration in Pacific Asia Crush, Jonathan Power of Development de Blij, H. J., and Muller, Peter O. Physical Geography of the Global Environment Hayward, David J. International Trade and Regional Economies: The Impacts of European Integration on the United States Kennedy, Michael The Global Positioning System and GIS: An Introduction Lowe, Philip; Marsden, Terry and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Regulating Agriculture Marsden, Terry; Lowe, Philip and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Labour and Locality: Uneven Development and the Rural Labour Process Marsden, Terry; Lowe, Philip and Whatmore, Sarah (eds) Rural Restructuring: Global Processes and Their Responses Whatmore, Sarah; Marsden, Terry and Lowe, Philip (eds) Gender and Rurality Whatmore, Sarah; Marsden, Terry and Lowe, Philip (eds) Rural Enterprise: Shifting Perspectives on Small-Scale Production Martopo, Sugeng and Mitchell, Bruce (eds) Bali: Balancing Environment, Economy and Culture Ould-Mey, Mohameden Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania Redclift, Michael and Benton, Ted (eds) Social Theory and the Global Environment Thomas–Slayter, Barbara and Rocheleau, Dianne Gender, Environment, and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective Wallach, Bret Losing Asia: Modernization and the Culture of Development Wennberg, John E. Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Wilson, David and Huff, James O. (eds) Marginalized Places and Populations: A Structurationist Agenda     

岩质边坡设计坡角和锚固方案的确定

本文运用赤平极射投影、块体理论和岩体力学的基本原理, 试探求一种可供边坡工程设计采用的确定人工岩质边坡最大安全设计坡角和锚固方案的简易方法。