动载下3条断续裂隙岩样的裂缝贯通机制

采用含3条断续预制裂隙的类砂岩模型试样进行单轴动力加载试验,对不同裂隙空间位置条件下断续裂隙岩体中裂隙的贯通机制进行了研究。静、动荷载下的对比研究成果显示：不同空间位置的裂隙贯通方式存在较大差异,且对动载的响应不同;动载下分支裂纹扩展及贯通具有惯性效应,即动载下裂尖次生共面、次生倾斜裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展,动载下易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通。这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同,这也是导致裂隙试样中低应变速率下强度增大（即速率效应）的主要原因。同时,试验结果也表明：含裂隙试样静、动荷载下裂隙间的多次贯通是导致其呈现出渐进破坏特征的主要原因。     

三峡库区巫山县望霞乡廖家坪高陡斜坡失稳机制研究

廖家坪高陡斜坡详细勘查结果表明廖家坪坡体上分布有7层软弱层,发育有两组高倾角节理,相互垂直,形成众多危岩体岩柱.上部软弱层为蠕滑层,悬崖壁存在的众多危岩体及岩柱以软弱层为基底.根据平推式滑坡的变形失稳机理分析,计算其起动临界水头高度,认为该斜坡上部坡体平推式滑动的可能性较小.根据工程地质类比法认为由于基础风化压缩,也可造成硬岩拉张,形成次生倾倒破坏;采用离散元分析验证了廖家坪高陡斜坡倾倒破坏演化过程,模拟结果与野外调查的变形破坏现象完全一致,表明该高陡斜坡的变形破坏机制为倾倒失稳模式.这一破坏模式的判定为廖家坪高陡斜坡的稳定性分析和防治提供了重要依据.     

降雨条件下北川斜坡破坏的数值模拟

本文采用FLAC的两相流模式和修正的Mohr—Coulomb模型,对北川地区震后土在降雨条件下的位移和速度矢量进行了数值模拟和分析,同时在室内进行了降雨条件下斜坡破坏的模型实验。分析结果表明：土体在沿坡面的最大水平位移发生在坡脚处,土体水平位移是衡量斜坡破坏的首要指标,可采用坡面特征点的位移突变作为斜坡破坏的判别标准;数值模拟得到的斜坡破坏与降雨历时关系与室内模型实验结果吻合较好。     

基于场变量的边坡稳定分析有限元强度折减法?

有限元强度折减法在实施过程中往往要根据不同的折减系数手工修改输入文件,并不断进行试算,过程较繁琐。为了简化计算过程,提高计算效率,在有限元强度折减法的基础上,结合ABAQUS提供的场变量,提出一种适用于有限元强度折减计算的新方法--基于场变量的有限元强度折减法。通过在ABAQUS中设置岩土体黏聚力与内摩擦角为场变量的函数,场变量为增量步时间t的函数,从而通过控制增量步时间t实现黏聚力与内摩擦角的折减,通过一次计算即可求得边坡的安全系数,无需手工修改折减系数反复试算。结合有关文献对该方法用于边坡稳定分析的可行性进行了验证,并与二分法确定安全系数的计算效率进行了比较。结果表明：该方法求得的安全系数是有效可靠的,用于边坡稳定性的计算是可行的,简化了有限元强度折减法的计算过程,提高了计算效率。     

Stress‐dependent hardening and failure surfaces of dry sand

During several triaxial compression experiments on plastic hardening, softening, and failure properties of dense sand specimens, it was found on various stress paths that the size of the failure surface was not constant. Instead, it changed depending on the current state of hydrostatic pressure. This finding is in contrast to the standard opinion consisting of the fact that the failure surface remains constant, once it has been reached during an experiment or in situ. In general, the behaviour of cohesionless granular‐material‐like sand is somehow characterised in between fluid and solid, where the solid behaviour results from the angle of internal friction and the confining pressure. Although the friction angle is an intrinsic material property, the confining pressure varies with the boundary conditions, thus defining different solid properties like plastic hardening, softening, and also failure. Based on our findings, it was the goal of the present contribution to introduce an improved setting for the plastic strain hardening and softening behaviour including the newly found yield properties at the limit state. For the identification of the material parameters, a complete triaxial experimental analysis of the tested sand is given. The overall elasto‐plasticity concept is validated by numerical computations of several laboratory foundation‐ and slope‐failure experiments. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with the standard concept of a constant failure surface, where the corresponding yield surfaces are understood as contours of equivalent plastic work or plastic strain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浙江上虞—三门高速公路K270＋700边坡变形破坏分析及治理

浙江上虞—三门高速公路是连接浙东南沿海经济圈与浙中部地区的重要交通枢纽,2011年10月26日,该高速公路管理处养护人员发现桩号K270＋700处边坡有明显变形现象。本文在现场调查分析的基础上对上三高速公路K270＋700边坡进行了系统研究,研究分析表明,该边坡的破坏模式为两组控制性结构面相切产生的楔形块体沿交线方向发生滑移破坏。最后,针对边坡的破坏模式和现状情况提出应急抢险和永久性治理相结合的综合治理措施。     

土体极限分析的基本方程与广义极限平衡法

对屈服条件与屈服函数的极值条件进行了讨论,在不需要流动法则的情况下建立了速度方程。平衡方程、屈服条件与屈服函数的极值条件、速度方程就是土体极限分析的基本方程。这样,对荷载、速度边界条件（包括荷载与速度边界同时存在）,均构成了完备的极限平衡问题。对边坡稳定问题的上、下限定理给出了严密的证明,并建立了求解极限平衡问题的广义极限平衡法,均质土的计算结果表明,圆弧滑动面的广义极限平衡法与对数螺旋面的上限解法基本一致。     

An extended finite volume method and fixed-stress approach for modeling fluid injection–induced tensile opening in fractured reservoirs

Fluid injection–induced tensile opening is modeled using an extended finite volume method (XFVM). An embedded fracture strategy is used for the flow problem, that is, the fractures are discretized using finite volume segments without resolving the grid around them. Further, the discontinuities across fractures are modeled using special basis functions. The fracture openings due to enhanced fluid pressure and the associated shear slip due to traction free boundary condition on the fracture segments are both modeled using these special discontinuity basis functions. Mass transfer between fractures and matrix is modeled using the pressure difference. The enhancement of fracture storativity due to tensile opening leads to stronger coupling between flow and mechanics. An iterative scheme relying on the fixed-stress approach for fractures, which conserves the stress dependent terms over each iteration of the flow problem, has been introduced. Tensile opening has been simulated for single fractures embedded in two- and three-dimensional matrices. The convergence criterion for sequentially implicit fixed-stress scheme for fractures embedded in elastic media is established and has been validated numerically. Further, for 2D simulations, the effect of the matrix permeability for fracture propagation due to tensile opening has been studied.     

40Ar/39Ar laser probe evidence concerning the age and associated hazards of the Lake Nyos Maar,Cameroon

The waters of Lake Nyos are impounded by a fragile natural dam composed of pyroclastic rocks ejected during the formation of the lake crater (maar). Lateral erosion of this dam has reduced its width from over 500 m to only 45 m. Published whole-rock K-Ar ages of about 100 ka on juvenile basalt from the dam suggests that erosion has been slow and that the dam poses no imminent threat. New apparent ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of 1.4 to 232 Ma on xenocrystic K-feldspar contained in the basalt show that the xenocrysts, whose source is the 528-Ma crystalline basement, are carriers of inherited radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar and would cause the whole-rock K-Ar ages to be too old. The best estimate for the age of the maar is provided by a ¹⁴C age of 400 ± 100 yr BP on charcoal from the base of the dam. This young age indicates that the dam is eroding at a relatively rapid rate; its failure, perhaps within a few decades, would result in a major flood and imperil thousands of people living downstream in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria.