河湖水系连通理论基础与优先领域

河湖水系连通是中国正在推进的重大治水战略,是提高国家水资源统筹调配能力、水生态环境修复能力和河湖健康保障能力的重大举措,也是提高水旱灾害抵御能力的重要保障。目前河湖水系连通的知识比较零散,尚未形成系统的理论体系,河湖水系连通理论基础的研究,对理论体系的构建、战略的实施和持续推进具有重要意义。本文基于河湖水系连通的理论研究的特征,提出其理论框架体系,分析了可持续发展、水利科学、经济学、生态学、系统科学等基础理论与河湖水系连通理论体系之间的内在关系。从当前国家实施河湖水系连通战略和构建河湖水系连通理论体系的迫切需求出发,本文提出了河湖水系连通理论研究的优先领域,包括河湖水系连通性与功能评价理论与方法、河湖水系连通水体耦合机制与系统稳定性理论、水系连通协调性理论、水系连通—经济格局匹配性理论、水系连通—生态环境影响机理与评估理论、水系连通巨系统不确定性与适应性理论等,优先突破重点领域理论研究,逐步形成和完善河湖水系连通理论体系,以科学、完整的理论体系支撑河湖水系连通治水战略高效、顺利实施。     

"居住不稳定性"对中国大城市流动人口健康的影响研究

随着城镇化加速和人口“流动性”增强,中国大城市流动人口的健康问题备受关注。流动人口的居住具有典型不稳定特征,分析其对流动人口身心健康的影响具有重要意义。为此,本文采用北京、深圳、上海等9个大城市的实地调研数据,运用层级回归和分组回归,探讨影响流动人口身心健康的因素,关注“居住不稳定性”因素的影响。研究表明：城市内部多次迁居和城市间频繁流动对流动人口健康具有显著负面影响;住房因素中,自有住房和选择居住在本地人居多的邻里对其健康具有显著正面影响。另外,“性别”因素具有调节效应;居住不稳定性对主观幸福感和自评生理健康的影响程度因“性别”不同而有所差异,男性健康对时空因素更为敏感和脆弱,女性健康不佳多归因于住房和邻里。     

Quantification of human and climate contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations: A case study in the Upper Minjiang River,China

Dual factors of climate and human on the hydrological process are reflected not only in changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of water resource amounts but also in the various characteristics of river flow regimes. Isolating and quantifying their contributions to these hydrological alterations helps us to comprehensively understand the response mechanism and patterns of hydrological process to the two kinds of factors. Here we develop a general framework using hydrological model and 33 indicators to describe hydrological process and quantify the impact from climate and human. And we select the Upper Minjiang River(UMR) as a case to explore its feasibility. The results indicate that our approach successfully recognizes the characteristics of river flow regimes in different scenarios and quantitatively separates the climate and human contributions to multi-dimensional hydrological alterations. Among these indicators, 26 of 33 indicators decrease over the past half-century(1961–2012) in the UMR, with change rates ranging from 1.3% to 33.2%, and the human impacts are the dominant factor affecting hydrological processes, with an average relative contribution rate of 58.6%. Climate change causes an increase in most indicators, with an average relative contribution rate of 41.4%. Specifically, changes in precipitation and reservoir operation may play a considerable role in inducing these alterations. The findings in this study help us better understand the response mechanism of hydrological process under changing environment and is conducive to climate change adaptation, water resource planning and ecological construction.     

社会满意度调查在城市体检与评估中的应用

回顾满意度的概念内涵,在城市研究中的应用进展基础上,总结了北京城市体检及住建部城市体检工作中满意度调查的实施方案和主要分析结论,梳理了社会满意度调查的特征。研究表明,主观满意度数据相比客观数据更为鲜活,能够准确反映不同群体对城市发展的价值判断与意愿,体现居民的关注点,在分析中与人群属性链接可以深挖不同人群的主要诉求,并且根据体检评估对象情况,灵活设置指标和确定优劣等级,易于发现水平差异和问题短板。未来城市体检中应建立常态化城市体检社会满意度调查工作机制,注重与客观数据、市民热线数据等多源数据的融合,主客观相互印证来指导城市规划及管理,从而提升城市建设精细化水平。     

中国城镇化对老年人健康的影响

基于2010年第六次全国人口普查微观数据和夜间灯光数据等,运用多层级logistic回归模型估计中国城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关联,分析城镇化健康效应在不同老年人群体间的差异,并运用倾向得分匹配方法,控制“自选择”机制对分析结果的干扰。结果表明：1）中国县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康呈显著正相关关系,居住于城镇化水平中等和城镇化速度较快县区的老年人更可能自评为健康;2）城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关系在不同受教育程度和户口状态的老年人群体间存在显著差异,城镇化水平和速度对受教育程度较低、持有本地户口老年人健康水平的提升效益更大;3）控制了老年人居住“自选择”的干扰后,县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的正向关联依然稳健,表明“自选择偏误”对中国县区城镇化水平和速度与老年人自评健康的关系没有显著的影响。     

Ecosystem Health: Assessment Framework,Spatial Evolution,and Regional Optimization in Southwest China

Regional ecological health,the core of comprehensive ecosystem assessments,is an important foundation for regional exploration,environmental conservation,and sustainable development.The mountainous areas in southwest China are backward in economy,but industrialization and urbanization have been rapid in recent years.This study assessed the ecosystem health of the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China using a pressure-state-response(PSR)model.Spatiotemporal patterns of regional ecosystem health were analyzed from 2000 to 2016,including overall characteristics as well as local characteristics.Ecosystem health in most regions was improved over time(Y=0.0058 X–11.0132,R2=0.95,P<0.001),and areas with poorer ecosystem health decreased from half to one-third of the total area.Analysis of the primacy ratio and the variation coefficient confirmed that the gap in health scores between regions has gradually expanded since 2007,but there are more high quality regions overall(Z of Moran’s index<1.96,P>0.05).Overall,the regional ecosystems to the east of the Hu line-an imaginary line dividing east and west China into roughly equivalent parts-were healthier than those to the west.The pressure and state scores of ecosystems were determined by physiographic condition,and the response scores by government policies and social concern.The spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem health were dominated to a greater extent by natural than anthropogenic factors,which explains why the shift in the patterns aligned with the direction of the Hu line.Dividing regions into key management areas based on natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic development could contribute to the formulation of a reasonable ecological and environmental protection policy,guaranteeing ecosystem services in the long run.     

Assessing protected area’s carbon stocks and ecological structure at regional-scale using GEDI lidar

Protected areas (PAs) serve as a critical strategy for protecting natural resources, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. While there is a critical need to guide area-based conservation efforts, a systematic assessment of PA effectiveness for storing carbon stocks has not been possible due to the lack of globally consistent forest biomass data. In this study, we present a new methodology utilizing forest structural information and aboveground biomass density (AGBD) obtained from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission. We compare PAs with similar, unprotected forests obtained through statistical matching to assess differences in carbon storage and forest structure. We also assess matching outcomes for a robust and minimally biased way to quantify PA efficacy. We find that all analyzed PAs in Tanzania possess higher biomass densities than their unprotected counterfactuals (24.4% higher on average). This is also true for other forest structure metrics, including tree height, canopy cover, and plant area index (PAI). We also find that community-governed PAs are the most effective category of PAs at preserving forest structure and AGBD – often outperforming those managed by international or national entities. In addition, PAs designated under more than one entity perform better than the PAs with a single designation, especially those with multiple international designations. Finally, our findings suggest that smaller PAs may be more effective for conservation, depending on levels of connectivity. Taken together, these findings support the designation of PAs as an effective means for forest management with considerable potential to protect forest ecosystems and achieve long-term climate goals.     

新疆香梨花期霜冻灾害风险评估模型构建及适用性分析

全球变暖和极端气候事件频发背景下,人们更加关注农林业生产面临的灾害风险。构建灾害预警指标,开展风险预警并提前防范,对于有效防灾减灾减损具有重要意义。基于新疆1981-2020年霜冻灾情、气象因子、香梨种植面积资料,计算香梨花期霜冻灾害危险性指数、暴露度和脆弱性指数,构建了霜冻灾害风险评估综合模型,并基于格点预报开展了香梨霜冻风险预警,对评估模型的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,过程最低气温、降温幅度、低温持续时间是霜冻灾害的主要致灾因子。春季霜冻危险性空间分布,总体呈现北部高、南部低的特点。香梨遭受春季霜冻的高风险区,主要分布在北疆西部、天山北坡的西部和中部以及南疆巴州北部、阿克苏市及其南部部分区域。基于气象实况和果园灾害调查结果表明,霜冻灾害风险评估模型和格点预报相结合,能较好地预报香梨霜冻风险分区、影响等级,与香梨霜冻灾害实际发生区域、受冻百分率基本一致,霜冻指标和风险预警模型具有合理性和适用性。     

GNSS/INS辅助空三在大比例尺低空摄影测量中的研究

利用小型低空航摄平台和非量测小相幅相机,搭载动态GNSS/INS组合系统进行空三加密,研究无人机搭载GNSS/INS辅助在不同分辨率、不同基线数量条件下的像控点布设以及空三加密,并对其平面精度、高程精度进行分析,以实现利用少量地面控制点进行大比例尺地形图测图。     

高校测绘工程专业“测量仪器学”课程的改革与实践

针对测量仪器不断发展和革新的实际情况,总结了近5年来"测量仪器学"课程开设的效果和社会评价。基于测量仪器已全面进入电子智能时代,提出了针对理论和实践两个方面教学内容的改革,改进得到了优化新颖的教学方法,对于课程考核提出了合理的评判方法,并对课程配套相关条件提出了合理的建议,最后对改革后的课程教学效果进行了论述和分析。