高原富营养化湖泊杞麓湖微囊藻毒素分布特征、相关因子及其健康风险分析

杞麓湖作为典型的富营养化高原湖泊,其藻华暴发引发的微囊藻毒素(microcystins, MCs)污染问题会危害水生态安全并造成人体健康风险。为了评估杞麓湖流域MCs的秋冬季节污染现状以及健康风险情况,对湖内和7条主要入湖河流入湖口的表层水进行采样检测,分析MCs主要异构体的时空分布特征,研究MCs与水质和浮游植物等环境因子的关系,并通过人体非致癌健康风险评价MCs的风险等级。结果发现,MCs浓度自秋季到冬季呈下降趋势,秋季湖内胞内MCs(IMCs)占比超过99%,冬季IMCs与胞外MCs(EMCs)浓度接近。MC-RR和MC-LR是主要的MCs异构体类型,其中MC-RR在秋季浓度占比高于MC-LR和MC-YR,而冬季MC-LR最高。MCs与微囊藻密度等生物因子呈极显著正相关关系,与TN、TP和NH₃-N营养盐呈显著负相关关系。杞麓湖EMCs污染的风险指数范围为0.004~0.110,处于极低或低风险,冬季风险略高于秋季,因南岸入湖EMCs污染以及湖内IMCs释放带来的风险需要进一步关注。     

Effects of rainfall,geomorphological and geometrical variables on vulnerability of the lower Mississippi River levee system to slump slides

This study investigated the importance of rainfall and various geomorphological and geometrical factors to the vulnerability of earthen levees to slump slides. The study was performed using a database including 34 slump slides that occurred in the lower Mississippi River levee system from 2008 to 2009. The impact of rainfall within the six months prior to slide occurrence was studied for 23 slides for which an accurate occurrence date was available. Several variables were used to develop a logistic regression model to predict the probability of slump slide occurrence. The proposed model was verified for both slide and non-slide cases. The regression analysis depicts the impact of channel width, river sinuosity index, riverbank erosion, channel shape condition and distance to river. Excluding the sinuosity index, the impact of the other independent variables examined was found to be significant. Occurrence of riverbank erosion around the slide locations was the most significant predictor factor. A channel width of less than 1000?m was ranked as the second most significant variable. The proposed model can aid in locating high-risk areas on levees in order to take prompt protective measures, increase monitoring efforts and enable early response under emergency conditions.     

基于公平最大化目标的2020年北京市养老设施布局优化

北京市正快速步入老龄化社会,机构养老作为一种重要的养老模式,对其布局公平性和合理性的研究具有重要的科学和现实意义。本文首先预测了自然增长状态下2020年北京市老龄人口的空间分布,然后建立设施布局优化模型,该模型以各需求点到养老设施的可达性差异最小化为目标;并采用粒子群优化算法求解,对北京市养老设施进行以公平最大化为目标的布局优化。研究结果表明,在公平最大化的目标下,首都功能核心区和城市功能拓展区(即中心城区)所提供的机构养老资源不能完全满足本地需求。城市发展新区在满足当地的机构养老需求之外,还将为中心城区提供大量机构养老服务,生态涵养发展区在满足本地需求的基础上还可为其他地区提供少量机构养老服务。该布局导向与《北京市养老设施专项规划》提出的布局建议相一致,且符合中心城区用地紧张、郊区自然环境较舒适的现实情况。研究结果能为养老政策的制定提供科学建议,所采用的方法也能为其他类型公共服务设施的布局优化提供借鉴。     

1D System identification of a 54‐story steel frame building by seismic interferometry

A 54‐story steel, perimeter‐frame building in downtown Los Angeles, California, is identified by a wave method using records of the Northridge earthquake of 1994 (M_L = 6.4, R = 32 km). The building is represented as a layered shear beam and a torsional shaft, characterized by the corresponding velocities of vertically propagating waves through the structure. The previously introduced waveform inversion algorithm is applied, which fits in the least squares sense pulses in low‐pass filtered impulse response functions computed at different stories. This paper demonstrates that layered shear beam and torsional shaft models are valid for this building, within bands that include the first five modes of vibration for each of the North–South (NS), East–West (EW), and torsional responses (0–1.7 Hz for NS and EW, and 0–3.5 Hz for the torsional response). The observed pulse travel time from ground floor to penthouse level is τ ≈1.5 s for NS and EW and τ ≈ 0.9 s for the torsional responses. The identified equivalent uniform shear beam wave velocities are β_eq ≈ 140 m/s for NS and EW responses, and 260 m/s for torsion, and the apparent Q ≈ 25 for the NS and torsional, and ≈14 for the EW response. Across the layers, the wave velocity varied 90–170 m/s for the NS, 80–180 m/s for the EW, and 170–350 m/s for the torsional responses. The identification method is intended for use in structural health monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Concept and Development of Smart Structures Technologies for Long-span Cable-supported Bridges

This article presents an overview of smart structures technologies in connection with long-span cable-supported bridges. Considering the broad scope of the smart structures technologies, two subareas, namely, structural health monitoring and structural control technologies, and their applications in long-span cable supported bridges, are identified as the focus of this review. It is believed that by, adopting the smart structures technologies, reliable operation and hazard management of long-span bridges can be achieved much more efficiently and can be made economically feasible, especially for bridges located at sites with high risks of severe natural hazardous events, such as those facing the bridges of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project. The feasibility of and practical issues in implementing the smart structures technologies in the design and construction of long-span cable-supported bridges are also discussed here. Considering the time span of the construction of the Taiwan Strait Crossing, some of the innovative technologies with a high potential for future long-span bridge applications, while still at the stage of exploratory research at the time of writing, are also examined as it is believed these technologies might have become prevalent by the completion time of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project.     

北京市健身俱乐部多尺度空间格局

城市健身俱乐部是现代城市游憩空间中的新事物。利用点格局识别和探索性数据分析方法,借助GIS和地统计分析等软件,分析北京市健身俱乐部空间格局特征。最邻近距离系数和样方分析表明,健身俱乐部在全局尺度上存在明显空间聚集,但在行政分区和交通线路分割的单元中,则表现出聚集、随机和离散分布的不同空间格局。1~5km共5个尺度格网单元统计分析进一步验证了健身俱乐部空间格局具有显著尺度效应。样本密度、最邻近距离系数、Moran’s I系数分析发现,样本密度和最邻近距离系数均呈现明显的空间分异和空间自相关,其中2km、3km尺度反映的微观形态特征最为显著。证明全局尺度并非分析健身俱乐部空间格局的唯一和最好尺度,部分微观单元上空间格局将更明显,格局特征也可能会与全局尺度相反。因此多类型、多尺度统计单元能够更全面地反映点要素分布的规律。多尺度空间格局研究,为准确描述城市游憩空间中的点要素空间格局特征,提供了新的研究思路和具体实证。     

New Zealand estuary benthic health indicators summarised nationally and by estuary type

ABSTRACT

Ecological data are often collected at small geographic scales. However, analysing data collectively over wider scales can reveal results and patterns not shown in the smaller-scale data. We summarised data for intertidal benthic ecological (physico-chemical and biological) health indicators from New Zealand estuaries and compared the results against thresholds above which ecological impacts are expected to occur. Values for the sediment physico-chemical indicators mud and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus collectively) were above thresholds for at least 50% and at 31% of sites measured respectively. Sediment organic content and metal concentrations were generally low, with only maximum values exceeding the thresholds. Scores for biological indicators were within (or better than) the moderate health category for either at least 50%, or at least 75%, of sites. When compared across estuary types (based on a geomorphic classification system) we found statistically significant differences for thirteen of the sixteen indicators. Differences (among mean values) for highly significant results were relatively large compared to the range of values observed nationally for those indicators. However, the differences, except those for mud, were smaller than their respective ecological health threshold values. Our summary provides a reference for future comparisons of estuary indicators nationally and across estuary types.