高精度机载LiDAR在小江活动构造和地质灾害研究中的应用

通过机载LiDAR飞行数据处理,获得飞行区内高精度的数字高程模型（DEM）和数字地表模型（DSM）等数字地形成果,应用数字地形进行地质构造解译,确定小江活动断裂展布及构造地貌特征,圈定飞行区内金沙江、小江的滑坡及泥石流的分布范围,估算其面积及体积,为此类地质灾害的预警提供可靠信息。      

采动作用下岩溶山体深大裂隙扩展贯通机理研究

岩溶坡体裂隙的扩展贯通是造成坡体失稳破坏的重要因素。为研究采动作用下高陡岩溶坡体随裂隙扩展贯通的失稳破坏机理，采用离散元（Universal Distinct Element Code，UDEC）数值模拟，研究了采动作用下坡体裂隙的发展规律。研究结果表明:采动作用对岩溶坡体的稳定性具有重要的影响作用，主要表现在煤层上覆岩体新生裂隙的发育以及诱发坡体原有裂隙的扩展；坡体内部裂隙的发育具有一定的时空效应，裂隙带高度随着采空区范围的增加而增加；坡体原有深大裂隙对坡体的破坏具有控制作用，坡体破坏时崩滑体沿着主控裂隙发生滑动；二维模型显示，含深大裂隙岩溶坡体在采动作用下形成类似"悬臂梁结构"，悬臂梁结构沿着主控裂隙发生断裂，坡体中间软岩被挤出，最终主控裂隙与临空面扩展贯通，坡体发生崩塌破坏。      

中强地震前地磁极化异常特征及其与后续地震的关系

基于国家地磁台网中心的地磁秒采样数据,采用地磁垂直强度极化法,计算了2019年1月1日至2020年7月31日全国各地磁台站的极化值,对2019年中国大陆西部(110°E以西)极化异常进行了分析,研究了2020年于田M_S6.4等中强地震前地磁极化异常变化特征及其与后续地震的关系。研究发现:(1)地磁极化异常具有空间成组特征,即空间上多个地区可以同时出现地磁极化异常;地磁极化异常一般被认为是震前震源区发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂导致的电磁辐射,这意味着震前可能会有多个地区同时发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂,这一现象似乎表明有一个"力源"在主导多区域同时发生断层蠕动或岩石破裂。(2)地磁极化异常的后续地震具有成组特征,即一个地区出现极化异常后可能发生多次地震。该现象对日常会商分析具有重要参考意义,即此类异常发生预期地震后可能还会有类似地震的发生。(3)以往的一些研究认为地磁极化异常一般在震前2—3个月出现,但本研究发现极化异常出现后10个月在异常区域仍然会发生地震,这表明电磁辐射异常可能不仅仅是短临异常,还可能具有中期指示意义,即断层蠕动或岩石破裂发生时间可能在震前近1年左右便已开始...     

滨海断裂带珠江口段的重磁资料解释

通过重磁资料系统处理、研究、解释,确认滨海断裂带珠江口段的存在,且是一条规模巨大特征明显的断裂带,深度在30 km以上,呈NEE向展布,是由滨岸断裂带和滨海断裂带界限的高重力地质块体带,重力、航磁梯度带或灰度带图像反映清楚。在浅部,它与NW和NE向断裂互有切割,不过,NW向断裂切割滨海断裂带和NE向断裂带的频度更高,图像更清晰。在10 km以深,NE、NW向断裂基本上消失,阻截在滨海断裂带内,某些资料认为,NE向莲花山断裂带往西南入海(本区)转为NEE走向,从重磁资料分析,这些NEE走向断裂其实是滨海断裂带的一部分。莲花山断裂带进入本区后,仍以NE45°左右方向,经深圳、香港,至万山群岛被滨海断裂带截断,图像清楚,不存在NE向转NEE向现象。滨海断裂带是一条活动性较强的断裂带,在珠江口段,强势不改,它与NW、NE向断裂交汇并相互切割,具备5级以上地震构造条件,尤其是与形成时代新、活动性较强的NW向断裂交切部位(如镇海湾、广海湾、崖门、澳门、担杆列岛地区)。但是,NW向断裂在本区较浅,不如粤闽、粤桂交界地区深(≥30 km),所以本研究区(段)地震强度应低于后者。     

Numerical modeling of dynamic rock fracture with a combined 3D continuum viscodamage‐embedded discontinuity model

This paper deals with numerical modeling of dynamic failure phenomena in rate‐sensitive quasi‐brittle materials, such as rocks, with initial microcrack populations. To this end, a continuum viscodamage‐embedded discontinuity model is developed and tested in full 3D setting. The model describes the pre‐peak nonlinear and rate‐sensitive hardening response of the material behavior, representing the fracture‐process zone creation, by a rate‐dependent continuum damage model. The post‐peak response, involving the macrocrack creation accompanied by exponential softening, is formulated by using an embedded displacement discontinuity model. The finite element implementation of this model relies upon the linear tetrahedral element, which seems appropriate for explicit dynamic analyses involving stress wave propagation. The problems of crack locking and spreading typical of embedded discontinuity models are addressed in this paper. A combination of two remedies, the inclusion of viscosity in the spirit of Wang's viscoplastic consistency approach and introduction of isotropic damaging into the embedded discontinuity model, is shown to be effective in the present explicit dynamics setting. The model performance is illustrated by several numerical simulations. In particular, the dynamic Brazilian disc test and the Kalthoff–Winkler experiment show that the present model provides realistic predictions with the correct failure modes and rate‐dependent tensile strengths of rock at different loading rates. The ability of initial embedded discontinuity populations to model the initial microcrack populations in rocks is also successfully tested. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Obstacles to long‐term soil moisture monitoring with heated distributed temperature sensing

The field deployment of a heated distributed temperature sensor (DTS) for over three years has revealed two obstacles to estimating soil moisture (θ) that may hamper subsurface DTS applications as well as use of other subsurface thermal probes. The first observed obstacle was a hysteretic response of the DTS sensor. The relationship between θ and the temperature response (?T) within the cable was not only dependent on θ of the soil, but also on the previous wetting and drying cycles leading to that state. The second observed obstacle was soil structure healing. Soil structure healing causes the relationship between ?T and θ to evolve through time; this calibration curve becomes flatter, or less sensitive, as the surrounding soil makes better contact with the cable. Effects of the hysteretic response of the instrument and soil structure healing are largely the result of small gaps between the cable and soil. These small gaps can be approximated by a contact resistance between the cable and soil. In this article we characterize the occurrence of hysteretic and soil structure healing effects from field data and parameterize contact resistance by simulating heat transfer using a numerical modelling approach Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕北黄土高原油区构造解译

本文介绍了陕北黄土高原油区TM图象的隐伏断裂和环状构造解译标志,建立了该区延安一带的构造格架,并分析了构造特征,提出了隐伏断裂控制环状构造的观点。最后,通过油气分布同新建构造格架的对比研究,认为环状构造集中区或隐伏断裂交叉部位是油气藏储存的良好构造部位。     

陨星由空气动力学加热而产生的热应力

对在一个各向同性、均匀的弹性球的具有恒定的热传导系数的球面上进行加热这一理想情况下，计算了陨星由于空气动力学加热而产生的热应力。在某个充分的时间内，陨星内部的张应力可能达到10kb，这一应力值大于估计的抗拉强度及其所遭受的空气动力学压力。在一个小的石质陨星（半径＜10cm)和大一些的金属质陨星（半径＜1m)内显著的热应力（1kb)发展很快（几十秒之内），因此可能导致在陨星内部开始拉张破裂。由于高层大气中尘埃粒子的存在、陨星在相对较低的高度上的破裂、陨星的角体形状、在一个撒落场内的广泛散布以及撞击坑的爆炸性质等，由热应力产生的破裂会在观测中反映出来，在大的陨星中，为了热应力的充分扩展要求有更长的加热时间，故其影响可能不甚显著。对于表面要遭到熔化和烧蚀的实际的陨星，此计算所得的应力值可能是一个上限。     

对西安地裂缝形成机制的几点新看法

本文从鄂尔多斯周缘断陷带的形成历史及其周缘断裂系的活动方式入手，阐述了西安地区临潼─长安断裂的活动模式并说明了西安古地裂缝是该断裂的次级断裂，它控制了该地区的地裂活动，然后，对西安地区现今地裂缝活动幅度和速率提出了一些看法，指出西安地区地裂缝活动量大与断裂活动加速和抽水引起的地层不均匀压密有关。