堆石料状态相关弹塑性本构模型

堆石料的强度变形特性与初始孔隙及应力状态等因素相关。建立了能够预测不同初始孔隙与初始围压影响的堆石料弹塑性本构模型。在剑桥类本构模型框架内,模型能够反映随着孔隙与围压的增大,变形特性由剪胀趋于剪缩的规律。模型采用了基于颗粒体材料细观结构变化的屈服函数和非关联流动准则,提出了能够反映堆石料正常固结线不唯一的硬化参数。为了反映状态相关性,假定堆石料存在唯一的临界状态面,探讨了考虑状态相关性需要满足的数学条件,从而对剪胀方程与硬化参数进行了修正。提出了基于粒子群优化算法的模型参数快速确定方法,将某筑坝堆石料不同初始孔隙比与围压条件下模型预测结果与三轴试验结果对比,验证了模型的合理性。     

Hurricane damage along natural and hardened estuarine shorelines: Using homeowner experiences to promote nature-based coastal protection

Growing coastal populations, rising sea levels, and likely increases in the frequency of major storm events will intensify coastal vulnerability in coming decades. Decisions regarding how and when to fortify estuarine shorelines against coastal hazards, such as erosion, flooding, and attendant property damages, rest largely in the hands of waterfront-property owners. Traditionally, hard engineered structures (e.g. bulkheads, revetments, seawalls) have been used to protect coastal properties, based on the assumption that these structures are durable and effective at preventing erosion. This study evaluates the validity of these assumptions by merging results from 689 surveys of waterfront-property owners in NC with empirical shoreline damage data collected along estuarine shorelines after Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Arthur (2014). The data show: 1) homeowners perceive bulkheads to be the most durable and effective at preventing erosion, but also the most costly; 2) compared to residents with revetments and natural shorelines, property owners with bulkheads reported double the price to repair hurricane damage to their property and four times the cost for annual shoreline maintenance; 3) 93% of evident post-hurricane shoreline damage was attributable to bulkheads or bulkhead hybrids and a higher proportion of surveyed homeowners with bulkheads reported having property damage from hurricanes; and, 4) shoreline hardening increased by 3.5% from 2011 to 2016 along 39 km of the Outer Banks. These results suggest that bulkheads are not meeting waterfront property-owner expectations despite continued use, and that nature-based coastal protection schemes may be able to more effectively align with homeowner needs.     

大断面黄土隧道初期支护适应性研究

以兰渝铁路大断面黄土隧道为工程背景,采用三维数值模拟结合现场监测实验对现有初期支护设计参数的适应性进行研究,对大断面黄土隧道初期支护的受力与变形特性进行综合分析。通过三维数值模拟得到黄土隧道开挖扰动后初期支护的受力与变形状态,将数值计算结果与现场监控量测对比获得典型断面围岩的应力和位移发展规律并对初期支护安全性进行评价;通过FLAC3D的FISH语言开发程序分析混凝土硬化特性对初期支护受力与变形的影响;现场跟踪量测与数值模拟的计算结果基本吻合,结论可为黄土地区隧道初期支护的设计和施工提供一定的借鉴和参考,积累有益的经验     

冻融循环下粉砂土应力-应变归一化特性研究

为研究粉砂在不同冻融循环下的应力-应变关系特性,进行了粉砂土的不固结不排水三轴剪切试验,试验结果表明：在围压较低时,未冻融及经历较少次冻融循环的粉砂表现出一定的软化性,但软化程度较弱;而经历一定次数的冻融循环后,其逐渐由弱软化型转化成硬化型;在围压较高时,未冻融及冻融以后的粉砂都表现出应变硬化的特征,其应力-应变关系曲线为典型的双曲线。基于Konder双曲线模型,概述了土体应力-应变关系中常见的几种归一化因子及相应的归一化条件。提出了针对冻融循环下粉砂土的应力-应变关系的归一化因子,并给出了相应的归一化条件。基于新的归一化因子,建立了粉砂土在不同围压、不同冻融循环次数下的应力-应变特性的归一化方程,并对应力-应变曲线进行预测,其试验值与拟合值较为接近,预测效果较好。     

较低和较高围压下煤岩三轴试验及其塑性特征新表述

对煤岩进行了较低和较高多个围压下的常规三轴加卸载试验研究,给出了系统的试验成果。试验表明,较低围压下,卸载路径和加载路径几乎完全重合,煤岩应力-应变特性呈现明显的线弹性特征,并表现出一定的脆性破坏特性;而较高围压下,应力-应变呈现明显的非线性特征,卸载路径不再原路返回,呈明显的塑性变形特征。为了定量刻画煤岩的塑性硬化特性,提出了根据硬化参量的几何意义计算其值的方法,并选择累积塑性应变作为塑性硬化参量,计算了27 MPa围压下试验曲线的硬化参量,作为对比还计算了采用直接卸载法计算的该试验曲线的累积塑性应变值。结果发现,随着轴向变形逐渐增加,煤岩的塑性硬化逐渐增长,并且用该方法计算出的塑性硬化参量远大于用直接卸载法计算的结果。由于该方法完全符合路径积分的限制条件,因此,更加合理。     

非饱和土的本构模型研究

引用平均土骨架应力的概念,研究推导出非饱和土的刚度参数随吸力变化而变化的关系式,进而推导得到用平均土骨架应力表述的非饱和土LC屈服面函数以及硬化规律。从土力学原理推导,得到土样由于在净应力和吸力作用下产生体积变形引起土样饱和度变化的关系式。由平均土骨架应力推广,得到三轴应力状态的椭圆屈服函数,这一非饱和土本构模型的优点在于考虑了应力作用后土样饱和度的变化,通过对已有试验数据的初步验证,表明提出的非饱和土本构模型的合理性和适用性。     

混凝土混合硬化黏塑性损伤统本构模型

传统的黏塑性统一本构模型只能用于金属类材料的本构分析,而不适用于混凝土的本构分析.基于此,以不可逆热力学理论为基础,选定了涉及混合硬化参量的Helmholtz自由能函数,推导出混凝土的黏塑性损伤耦合本构模型.通过对混凝土硬化模型的分析,构造了含运动硬化和等向硬化内变量的非相关流动势函数,又推导出流动方程以及内变量演化方程.所建模型对混凝土试验曲线的数值模拟显示,其能够正确描述混凝土的率相关性、非弹性体积膨胀特性、加载过程的软硬化特性以及由断裂和损伤引起的应力软化现象.     

A multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaption under cyclic loading

As is well known, granular soils under cyclic loading dissipate a large amount of energy and accumulate large irreversible strains. Usually, with time, this second effect reduces and the accumulation rate decreases with the number of cycles until obtaining a sort of ideal stationary cyclic state at which ratcheting disappears. In this paper, only this ideal state is taken into consideration and simulated by means of a multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaptation. For this purpose, the concept of cycle is discussed, many different categories of cyclic stress/strain paths are considered and some theoretical issues concerning both the flow and the strain‐hardening rules are tackled. Even though the paper focuses on soil behaviour, the conclusions can be extended to all materials exhibiting ratcheting due to volumetric behaviour.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水泥土桩复合地基桩土应力比的解析算法

选取常用的双折线荷载传递函数,推导出一组轴向荷载-沉降曲线的解析算式,从而用其来表征桩的荷载-沉降曲线;选取双曲线函数来表征地基土的荷载-沉降曲线,推导出了水泥土桩复合地基中考虑桩-土相互作用的桩土应力比的解析算式,并讨论相关参数对桩土应力比的影响。研究结果表明,水泥土桩复合地基桩土应力比不仅与桩周土的特性有关,而且还受到桩体尺寸、弹性模量和复合地基所受的总荷载的影响。其结果为复合地基桩土应力比的计算提供了一种新思路。     

基于新型损伤定义的岩石损伤统计本构模型探讨

针对几何损伤理论中损伤定义的局限性与不足,对岩石损伤定义进行了改进;在此基础上,将在应力作用下的岩石材料抽象为破坏与未破坏两部分,并根据这两部分不同的受力情况,建立出新型损伤模型;其次,利用统计损伤理论,建立出岩石统计损伤演化方程,进而建立起基于特定围压下的岩石损伤统计本构模型;然后,通过探讨模型参数与围压的经验关系,对模型进行合理修正,从而建立了反映不同围压条件下的岩石损伤统计本构模型,并通过探讨模型参数的物理意义,初步建立了反映岩石软化与硬化特性相互转化的临界物理力学参数的确定方法。该模型能够反映岩石软化与硬化特性相互转化的特征,与试验结果进行比较分析表明,该模型与实测结果吻合良好。