The subloading isotropic plasticity as a variable modulus model

The subloading concept is an extension of mathematical plasticity which defines an internal surface to the conventional yield surface. It is indeed a versatile approach, especially for the modelling of soils under quasi-static cycles with smooth transitions from pure elastic to elastoplastic behaviour. For the case of isotropic hardening models, this paper demonstrates that the subloading isotropic plasticity is equivalent to a variable modulus approach and therefore a simpler and equivalent methodology can be adopted instead. In addition to demonstrating this equivalence, an alternative formulation that was presented elsewhere and that uses only one surface is briefly discussed. The alternative formulation can then be easily applied to popular models for soils such as the Cam clay model. Finally, some numerical predictions are presented in order to illustrate the capabilities of the subloading isotropic plasticity and the corresponding variable modulus approach.     

循环荷载作用下饱和软土的各向异性边界面模型

在临界状态弹塑性力学的框架内,建立了可以考虑循环荷载作用下各向异性对饱和软土力学特性影响的边界面塑性模型。该模型采用非关联的流动法则,引入了反映土体各向异性的内变量,利用该内变量的初始值描述初始各向异性,采用一种理论更为严谨、模型参数确定更为恰当的旋转硬化法则描述循环加载过程中各向异性的演化,利用更新映射中心的径向映射法则和与塑性偏应变路径长度有关的塑性模量插值规律,保证模型能够模拟循环加载时应力-应变响应的非线性、滞回性、应变累积性等基本特性,解释了模型参数的物理意义和确定方法,特别是给出了一种合理确定描述土体初始各向异性状态变量方法。通过文献中等压固结和偏压固结饱和黏土的循环三轴试验结果与模型预测结果的对比验证了模型的合理性。     

以塑性功为硬化参数的Q2原状黄土弹塑性模拟

为了研究非饱和Q2原状黄土的力学特性,通过三轴压缩试验、各向等压试验和三轴试验卸载、再加载试验获得Q2原状黄土的力学参数,并结合弹塑性力学理论,推导出Q2原状黄土的屈服函数和以塑性功为硬化参数的硬化规律,采用相关联流动规则,建立非饱和Q2原状黄土弹塑性本构模型。通过模型计算与试验实测值比较,表明该模型基本上能反映Q2原状黄土的力学特性。     

A modified parallel IWAN model for cyclic hardening behavior of sand

A modified parallel IWAN model, which includes a cyclic hardening function, is proposed and verified. The proposed model consists of elasto-perfect plastic and isotropic hardening elements. The model is able to predict cyclic hardening behavior through the adjustment of the internal slip stresses of its elements beyond the cyclic threshold, and satisfies Bauschinger's effect and the Masing rule with its own behavior characteristics. The cyclic hardening function is developed based on the irrecoverable plastic strain (accumulated shear strain) of dry sand during shearing, which is assumed to be a summation of shear strain beyond the cyclic threshold. Symmetric-limit cyclic loading and irregular loading tests were performed to determine model parameters and to verify the behavior of the proposed model. Finally, a one-dimensional site response analysis program (KODSAP) is developed by using the proposed model. The effects of cyclic hardening behavior on site response are evaluated using KODSAP.     

适用于砂土循环加载分析的边界面塑性模型

基于临界状态土力学框架,建立了一个适用于砂土排水循环加载的边界面塑性模型。采用了考虑虚拟峰值应力比的偏应变硬化准则,初始加载阶段应力点位于边界面上,反向加载阶段以历史最大屈服面作为边界面,同时实现了对密砂软化现象的模拟和对历史所受最大应力的记忆。边界面采用修正的椭圆形,引入考虑密度与应力水平的状态相关剪胀函数,采用非相关联流动法则和以应力反向点作为映射中心的径向映射准则。模型仅有10个参数,通过常规三轴试验即可确定,并且使用一套参数可以模拟不同围压、密度的单调和循环加载情况。分别对饱和砂土的单调、循环排水三轴试验进行模拟,结果表明,该模型能够合理地反映饱和砂土排水条件下的应力-应变特性。     

粗粒料接触面模型及其在土石坝工程中的应用

在土石坝工程中越来越重视岸坡与坝料之间的接触特性,将土体本构模型中使用较多的双曲线型硬化规律运用至接触面模型,提出了一个简洁的接触面本构模型,推导了接触面模型刚度矩阵表达式。通过对4组试验的预测结果与试验结果的对比,表明该模型可以较好地预测粗粒料的界面剪切试验。将提出的接触面模型嵌入有限元程序,应用于如美心墙坝河谷与坝料的接触分析。三维有限元计算结果表明：坝体两侧岸坡的剪切位移变化规律都是中间部分剪切滑移量较大,岸坡边缘部分相对较小,陡坡一侧最大滑移量大于较缓一侧。这些均符合粗粒料滑移的基本规律,可为岸坡?坝料接触特性研究以及土石坝工程计算提供参考。     

堆石料状态相关弹塑性本构模型

堆石料的强度变形特性与初始孔隙及应力状态等因素相关。建立了能够预测不同初始孔隙与初始围压影响的堆石料弹塑性本构模型。在剑桥类本构模型框架内,模型能够反映随着孔隙与围压的增大,变形特性由剪胀趋于剪缩的规律。模型采用了基于颗粒体材料细观结构变化的屈服函数和非关联流动准则,提出了能够反映堆石料正常固结线不唯一的硬化参数。为了反映状态相关性,假定堆石料存在唯一的临界状态面,探讨了考虑状态相关性需要满足的数学条件,从而对剪胀方程与硬化参数进行了修正。提出了基于粒子群优化算法的模型参数快速确定方法,将某筑坝堆石料不同初始孔隙比与围压条件下模型预测结果与三轴试验结果对比,验证了模型的合理性。     

Hurricane damage along natural and hardened estuarine shorelines: Using homeowner experiences to promote nature-based coastal protection

Growing coastal populations, rising sea levels, and likely increases in the frequency of major storm events will intensify coastal vulnerability in coming decades. Decisions regarding how and when to fortify estuarine shorelines against coastal hazards, such as erosion, flooding, and attendant property damages, rest largely in the hands of waterfront-property owners. Traditionally, hard engineered structures (e.g. bulkheads, revetments, seawalls) have been used to protect coastal properties, based on the assumption that these structures are durable and effective at preventing erosion. This study evaluates the validity of these assumptions by merging results from 689 surveys of waterfront-property owners in NC with empirical shoreline damage data collected along estuarine shorelines after Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Arthur (2014). The data show: 1) homeowners perceive bulkheads to be the most durable and effective at preventing erosion, but also the most costly; 2) compared to residents with revetments and natural shorelines, property owners with bulkheads reported double the price to repair hurricane damage to their property and four times the cost for annual shoreline maintenance; 3) 93% of evident post-hurricane shoreline damage was attributable to bulkheads or bulkhead hybrids and a higher proportion of surveyed homeowners with bulkheads reported having property damage from hurricanes; and, 4) shoreline hardening increased by 3.5% from 2011 to 2016 along 39 km of the Outer Banks. These results suggest that bulkheads are not meeting waterfront property-owner expectations despite continued use, and that nature-based coastal protection schemes may be able to more effectively align with homeowner needs.     

大断面黄土隧道初期支护适应性研究

以兰渝铁路大断面黄土隧道为工程背景,采用三维数值模拟结合现场监测实验对现有初期支护设计参数的适应性进行研究,对大断面黄土隧道初期支护的受力与变形特性进行综合分析。通过三维数值模拟得到黄土隧道开挖扰动后初期支护的受力与变形状态,将数值计算结果与现场监控量测对比获得典型断面围岩的应力和位移发展规律并对初期支护安全性进行评价;通过FLAC3D的FISH语言开发程序分析混凝土硬化特性对初期支护受力与变形的影响;现场跟踪量测与数值模拟的计算结果基本吻合,结论可为黄土地区隧道初期支护的设计和施工提供一定的借鉴和参考,积累有益的经验