海底地下水排放:重要的海岸带陆海相互作用过程

沿海地区海底地下水排放在北美和欧洲等发达地区受到了越来越多的重视,被认为是一个重要的海岸带陆海相互作用过程。但这一过程在我国尚未引起足够认识,有关研究极少见。海底地下水排放的研究历史不长,只是近十多年才有了快速的发展,有了越来越多的定量研究成果。其研究方法主要有水文计算法、现场实测法和地球化学示踪法,各种方法之间的对比实验是目前的热点问题。沿海地下水排放具有重要的环境意义,它可以是陆地营养物质和污染物质的一个重要排放通道,可以对海岸带环境产生一定影响。我国沿海地区应该加强有关的研究工作,为海岸带环境管理作出贡献。     

深圳市某建筑深基坑支护滑塌事故剖析

以深圳某建筑深基坑滑塌为例,在现场实物和相关资料调查的基础上,从基坑支护的设计、施工、监测以及质量安全管理等方面对基坑滑塌事故的原因进行了较为全面的分析和探讨,认为导致该基坑支护工程滑塌的主要原因是土钉和锚索抗拔力不足.最后针对目前深基坑工程中普遍存在的问题提出了加强设计方案的审查、加强施工管理、加强土钉墙研究的建议.     

地质微生物地球化学作用的意义与展望

概要论述了地质微生物学、地下水微生态学、微生物地球化学作用的基本概念、研究内容、研究现状、科学意义、关键问题、发展前景和在地下水环境保护中的作用。该研究领域不仅拓宽了整个地质科学的研究范畴,而且推动了地质科学的发展,具有一定的创新性。     

利用卫星遥感资料反演感热和潜热通量的研究综述

区域平均感热和潜热通量是气象、水文、生态模式中的关键物理因子，卫星遥感反演为观测区域平均感热和潜热通量提供了可能。对利用卫星遥感资料反演地气通量的方法进行了总结和评述。首先描述了现在常用的反演方法，分析了方法中的各种假定对反演结果的影响，并对不同的模式反演结果进行了比较。还指出了评价卫星反演通量的精度时需要注意的问题。最后对该领域内现存的问题与发展方向进行探讨。     

Geochemical and isotopic investigation of the aquifer system in the Djerid-Nefzaoua basin, southern Tunisia

In the Djerid-Nefzaoua region, southern Tunisia, about 80% of agricultural and domestic water supply is provided by the complex terminal (CT) aquifer. However, 20% of this demand is provided by other hydraulically connected aquifers, namely the continental intercalaire (CI) and the Plio-Quaternary (PQ). Overexploitation of the CT aquifer for agricultural practices has contributed to the loss of the artesian condition and the decline of groundwater level which largely increased the downward leakage from the shallow PQ aquifer. Excess irrigation water concentrates at different rates in the irrigation channels and in the PQ aquifer itself. Then, it returns to the CT aquifer and mixes with water from the regional flow system, which contributes to the salinization of the CT groundwater. A geochemical and isotopic study had been undertaken over a 2-years period in order to investigate the origin of waters pumped from the CT aquifer with an emphasis on its hydraulic relationships with the underlying and the overlying CI and PQ aquifers. Geochemistry indicates that groundwater samples collected from different wells show an evolution of the water types from Na-Cl to Ca-SO₄-Cl. Dissolution of halite, gypsum and anhydrite-bearing rocks is the main mechanism that leads to the salinization of the groundwater. Isotopic data indicate the old origin of all groundwater in the aquifer system. Mixing and evaporation effects characterizing the CT and the PQ aquifers were identified using δ²H and δ¹⁸O relationship and confirmed by the conjunction of δ²H with chloride concentration.     

WATER QUALITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN DISUSED MAN MADE LAKFS FOR SUITABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE PROJECT

A study has been conducted on the status of water quality in two disused man made lakes, which have potential for cage aquaculture project. This study highlights the quality of water analyzed with reference to various physical - chemical parameters in two selected lakes and their suitability for fish farming. A number of parameters were measured including the amount of NH3 - N, NO3 - N, NO2 - N and total phosphorus while in - situ measurement including DO, pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS and Secchi disk visibility. Beside the physical -chemical of water, the location, morphometry and climate conditions were also investigated. The chemical data analyzed for six months indicated that Lake A and Lake B are characterized by relatively high DO, slightly neutral pH and low TSS. The concentration of NH3 -N and NO2 -N was very low （0. 058 mg/L and 0. 04 mg/L, respectively） and total phosphorus was usually in low concentration and sometimes would seem negligible. Besides, NO3 - N occurred in slightly higher concentration （1.75 mg/L）. Results obtained indicated that the study site has high potentiality for development of inland fisheries practices.     

元江-红河跨境水质环境问题和保护研究

在红河干流不同污染流域,设立5个环境监测断面,同时选定人烟稀少、无工业、自然条件良好的李仙江加禾断面为对照。利用1999～2002年对水质影响大的DO、COD、BOD5、NH 3-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、Cu、Pb、Cd、T-P、石油类及SS 12项污染物,均在枯、丰、平3个不同水期采样监测,将监测结果做数理统计分析,研究污染物的迁移、转化规律,并得出:出境断面NH 3-N平均含量高达0.18～0.86m gL/,T-P高达0.045～0.315m g/L,SS高达69～3412m gL/,从而提出小流域治理、退耕还林、城市水网改造及控制含磷洗涤剂使用的建议。     

太原盆地地下水资源模拟研究

山西省太原盆地由于地下水长期超采,引发了地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降等环境地质问题。通过GMS建立地下水水流三维数值模型,基于模型预测了现状开采条件下地下水水位的变化趋势,并提出合理利用地下水资源的措施,为地下水资源的优化管理提供科学依据。     

生态足迹模型在山区生态可持续评价中的初步应用--以1999年北京西部山区为例

在剖析生态足迹分析法的理论基础上，进一步考虑不同消费水平对生态足迹时空变异的影响，划分农村居民和城镇居民两类不同的消费群体，分别计算各自的生态足迹，其次进一步细化模型中人均水资源足迹，从而构建生态足迹与生态容量平衡模型。根据平衡模型计算出生态盈亏，得出区域生态持续性评价结果。并以1999年北京西部山区门头沟区为例，进行模型计算和生态可持续评价，结果表明1999年门头沟区处于生态赤字状态，说明该区生态系统处于不可持续状态。在对门头沟区的初步研究基础上，指出生态足迹作为山区生态可持续评价指标的优点及当前存在的缺点。     

An alternative Boussinesq equation considering the effect of hysteresis on coastal groundwater waves

This paper presents an alternative Boussinesq equation considering hysteresis effect via a third‐order derivative term. By introducing an improved moisture–pressure retention function, this equation describes, with reasonable precision, groundwater propagation in coastal aquifers subject to Dirichlet boundary condition of different oscillation frequencies. Test results confirmed that it is necessary to consider horizontal and vertical flows in unsaturated zone, because of their variable influences on hysteresis. Hysteresis in unsaturated zone can affect the water table wave number of groundwater wave motion, such as wave damping rate and phase lag. Oscillations with different periods exert different hysteresis effect on wave propagation. Truncation/shrinkage of unsaturated zones also affects the strength of hysteresis. These impacts can be reflected in the alternative Boussinesq equation by adjusting the parameter representing the variation rate of moisture associated with pressure change, as opposed to traditional computationally expensive hysteresis algorithms. The present Boussinesq equation is simple to use and can provide feasible basis for future coupling of groundwater and surface water models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.