秦岭隧道地下水水化学异常的形成机理

在分析秦岭隧道地区地质背景及水体水化学组成的变化规律的基础上,确定了平导地下水化学异常的基本特征及形成机理,研究表明水中硫根离子的审围岩中黄铁矿氧化所致钙离子的升高则归因于氧过程形成的大量氢离子促使含钙矿物水角或次生的碳酸盐矿物溶解,而两者浓度的增大导致地下水水化学类型的改变,矿化度及总硬度的异常。     

Rio Tinto estuary (Spain): 5000 years of pollution

 Mining of massive sulfide deposits in southwestern Spain extending back to the Copper and Bronze Ages has resulted in the pollution of the Rio Tinto fluvial-estuarine complex, the site of Columbus' departure for the New World in 1492. Additional sources of potential pollution include the large industrial complex at Huelva near the lower portion of the estuary. Extensive analysis of surface sediment samples and cores has established that there are no geographic trends in the distribution of the pollutants, which include Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ti, Ba, Cr, V and Co. These data have, however, demonstrated that tidal flux within the estuary carries phosphorus and perhaps other elements from the industrial complex at Huelva to the tidal limit of the system, several kilometers upstream from the discharge site. Radiometric analysis of short cores shows that sedimentation rates over at least the past couple of centuries have been about 0.3 cm/year. These data and that from a single deep core demonstrate that the estuary was polluted from mining activity long before the large-scale operations began in the late nineteenth century. Received: 3 May 1999 · Accepted: 18 October 1999     

Groundwater targeting in a hard-rock terrain using fracture-pattern modeling, Niva River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India

In hard-rock terrain, due to the lack of primary porosity in the bedrock, joints, fault zones, and weathered zones are the sources for groundwater occurrence and movement. To study the groundwater potential in the hard-rock terrain and drought-prone area in the Niva River basin, southern Andhra Pradesh state, India, Landsat 5 photographic data were used to prepare an integrated hydrogeomorphology map. Larsson's integrated deformation model was applied to identify the various fracture systems, to pinpoint those younger tensile fracture sets that are the main groundwater reservoirs, and to understand the importance of fracture density in groundwater prospecting. N35°–55°E fractures were identified as tensile and N35°–55°W fractures as both tensile and shear in the study area. Apparently, these fractures are the youngest open fractures. Wherever N35°–55°E and N35°–55°W fracture densities are high, weathered-zone thickness is greater, water-table fluctuations are small, and well yields are high. Groundwater-potential zones were delineated and classified as very good, good to very good, moderate to good, and poor. Electronic Publication     

河北平原地下水动力环境演化规律及影响因素

通过河北平原多年地下水位长期观测资料的整理，统计和分析，探讨了地下水动力环境演化规律，并选择典型地区，采用灰色关联度分析方法，论证了地下水位变化与开采量、降水量之间的内在联系，从而揭示了地下水动力环境演化机制。     

物探方法在岩溶勘查中的应用综述

简要介绍了岩溶勘察中常用物探方法的基本原理和技术，并举例说明其在岩溶地区进行水利水电工程地质勘察、岩溶地下水寻找、环境保护和溶洞探测时的有效性。     

基于计算流体力学的寒区土壤水热耦合模型研究

土壤水文过程(水分运移和传热)及其对气候变化的响应是寒区水文学的前沿问题.然而,冻土的存在使得寒区土壤水文过程变得极其复杂.此外,寒区自然环境恶劣,较难获取长时间序列和高分辨率的野外观测资料.近年来,充分利用已有的观测数据,构建寒区土壤水热耦合模型,并开展相应的数值模拟研究,已成为理解寒区土壤水文物理过程,揭示其动力学...     

基于INPGA的地下水污染治理多目标优化管理模型:Ⅰ——理论方法与算例验证

基于小生境技术的Pareto遗传算法(NPGA)是一种求解多目标问题的智能搜索方法,适用于优化多种非线性、不连续等复杂多目标问题.但该算法存在局部早熟收敛和收敛速度慢两个不足,在求解Pareto前沿上效果不佳.本文在NPGA的基础上,提出了改进NPGA方法(INPGA),通过Pareto解集过滤器、精英个体保留策略、邻...     

石油污染多孔介质湿润性变异特征

一定程度的石油污染可使多孔介质的湿润性发生变异,导致介质持水能力降低、地下水石油污染、粮食产量品质下降等.采用滴水穿透时间法与酒精溶液入渗法,测定了亚粘土和粗砂在不同柴油、机油含量下的斥水水平,确定了亚粘土、粗砂由亲水表面变为疏水表面的临界含油量.结果表明,亚粘土、粗砂湿润性变异的临界机油含量分别约为7%、0.5%,粗砂湿润性变异的临界柴油含量约为14%,而柴油污染对亚粘土湿润性的影响不显著.另外,当石油污染多孔介质的含水量达到某一临界值时,湿润性将再次发生反转,由疏水表面变回亲水表面.测得机油、柴油污染粗砂的临界含水量约在0.2%~1%之间,机油污染亚粘土的临界含水量在数值上与其含油量近似相等.      

基于DPSIR模型的地下水饮用水源地安全评价指标体系研究

为系统客观的评价地下水饮用水源地的安全状态,基于“驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应”(DPSIR)框架初步建立备选评价指标,运用专家咨询法对备选指标进行筛选及合理性检验,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建地下水饮用水源地安全度综合评价体系。以滹沱河浅层孔隙水水源地为例,确定了包含5个准则层,18个指标的地下水饮用水源地安全评价指标体系。滹沱河浅层孔隙水水源地实例研究表明,准则层中压力系统和状态系统所占权重较大,分别为0.257和0.339;水源地安全度为0.67,尽管处于较安全级别,但非常接近警戒值(0.4~0.6)。通过实例分析可知,筛选的指标具有一定的实用性,可以为评价浅层孔隙水水源地的安全状态及面临的风险提供参考。