Introductory review of specific factors influencing urban groundwater, an emerging branch of hydrogeology, with reference to Barcelona, Spain

A number of specific factors must be considered when dealing with groundwater in urban areas. Urbanization significantly affects the natural water cycle, both in terms of quantity and quality. In particular, the main contributors to recharge and discharge clearly differ from those in natural systems. Moreover, water can affect underground structures and infrastructure characteristics of cities such as basements, public transport services (trains, underground railways, etc.), and utility conduits. As a result, urban groundwater is emerging as a distinct branch of hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to review some of the topics that are specific to urban groundwater. These include (1) fluctuations in groundwater levels caused by changes in land and water uses; (2) pollution problems caused by point or non-point sources in urban areas; (3) characterization and quantification of the components contributing to groundwater recharge and discharge; (4) specific characteristics of groundwater flow and solute transport models in urban areas; and (5) integration of data for sustainable urban water management. Some of these issues are illustrated for the particular case of Barcelona, where a comprehensive hydrogeological study has been carried out during the last few years by both the public and the private sectors.

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Resumen Se debe considerar una serie de factores específicos al tratar las aguas subterráneas en áreas urbanas. El proceso de urbanización afecta el ciclo natural del agua de manera significativa tanto en lo que se refiere a cantidad como a calidad. En particular, los contribuyentes principales a la recarga y descarga claramente difieren de aquellos aplicables a los sistemas naturales. Es más, el agua puede afectar los estructuras subterráneas de las ciudades tales como sótanos, servicios de transporte público (trenes, trenes subterráneos) y los servicios básicos. Como resultado de esto, la hidrogeologia urbana está emergiendo como una rama específica de la hidrogeología. El objectivo de este artículo es revisar algunos de los temas que son específicos al agua subterránea urbana. Estos incluyen: 1) Fluctuaciones en los niveles de agua subterránea causados por cambios en los usos de terreno y del agua; 2) Problemas de contaminación causados por fuentes puntuales o no puntuales en áreas urbanas; 3) Caracterización y cuantificación de los componentes que contribuyen a la recarga y descarga de agua subterránea; 4) Características especificas de flujo de agua subterránea y modelos de transporte de solutos en áreas urbanas; y 5) Integración de datos para el manejo sostenible de agua urbana. Algunos de estos puntos se han ilustrados para el caso particular de Barcelona en donde se ha llevado a cabo un estudio hidrogeológico amplio durante los últimos años tanto por el sector privado como el público.

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Résumé Une série de facteurs spécifiques doit être considérée lorsque leau souterraine en région urbaine est étudiée. Lurbanisation affecte significativement le cycle naturel de leau, autant du point de vue quantitatif que qualitatif. Plus particulièrement, les zones de recharge et de décharge diffèrent considérablement des systèmes naturels. Leau souterraine peut affecter les structures souterraines ainsi que les infrastructures municipales telles que les sous-sols, les systèmes de transport publique (trains, métros, ...) et les conduits de service. De ce fait, lhydrogéologie en milieu urbain émerge comme une branche distincte de lhydrogéologie classique. Lobjectif de cet article est de revoir certaines notions qui sont spécifiques à létude de leau souterraine en milieu urbain. Parmi ces notions : 1) les fluctuations de la nappe phréatique causées par des changements dans lutilisation du territoire et de leau, 2) les problèmes de pollution causés par des sources ponctuelles ou diffuses en milieu urbain, 3) la caractérisation et quantification des composants qui contribuent à la recharge et décharge des aquifères, 4) les caractéristiques spécifiques des modèles découlement de leau souterraine et de transport de solutés en milieux urbain, et 5) lintégration des données pour la gestion durable de leau en milieu urbain. Certaines de ces questions sont étudiées pour le cas particulier de la ville de Barcelone où une étude hydrogéologique complète a été menée au cours des dernières années par les secteurs privé et public.

     

双Packer系统在鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查中的应用

双Packer系统在鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查中的应用,为在该盆地开展深层地下水水化学同位素的研究,提供了一个有效的工具。了解该系统的工作原理、应用条件和在鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查中的具体应用,对在我国水文界普及该技术具有重要意义。     

郑州市地下水资源及解决供需矛盾对策

郑州市是河南省水资源最贫乏地区之一，人均水资源占有量不足全省平均数的一半，水成了制约经济发展的重要因素。本文通过对郑州市地下水资源的开发利用现状调查，及对国民经济建设保证程度分析，针对地下水和地表水资源的分布状况，结合地下水的开发利用现状及存在问题，确定解决全市供需矛盾的主要对策为：调整产业结构，加强科学管理，合理开发利用地下水，区内调剂和外流域调水等。     

A geostatistically based approach to the identification of aquifer transmissivities in Yolo Basin, California

A geostatistically based approach is developed for the identification of aquifer transmissivities in Yolo Basin, California. The approach combines weighted least-squares with universal kriging and cokriging techniques in an overall scheme that (1)considers a prioriknown information on aquifer transmissivity and specific capacities of wells, (2)considers uncertainties in water level and transmissivity data, and (3)estimates the reliability of the generated transmissivity values. Minimization of a global least-squares function that incorporates calibration and plausibility criteria leads to a transmissivity map that shows a good agreement with pumping-test results.     

Radiative Heat Transfer and Hydrostatic Stability in Nocturnal Fog

We have performed a one-dimensional and transient radiative heat transfer analysis in order to investigate interaction between atmospheric radiation and convective instability within a nocturnal fog. The radiation element method using the Ray Emission Model (REM²), which is a generalized numerical method, in conjunction with a line-by-line (LBL) method, is employed to attain high spectral resolution calculations for anisotropically scattering fog. The results show that the convective instability has a strong dependence on radiative properties of the fog. For the condition of a 20-m droplet diameter and liquid water content of 0.1 × 10^–3 kg m^–3;, the temperature profile within the fog becomes S shaped, and a convective instability layer forms in the middle or lower level of the fog. However, for the same water content and a 40-m diameter droplet, no strong convective instability layer forms, whereas for a 10-m diameter droplet a strong convective instability is observed.     

基于"区域分解"思想的苏锡常地区地面沉降相关预测模型研究

本文在系统分析苏锡常地区地下水开采与地面沉降发展动态及相互关系的基础上,从“区域分解”的思想出发,将研究区按第四纪土层结构进行了合理分区,并分别在各亚区建立地面沉降量与地下水水位相关预测模型。实践表明,该模型符合现阶段苏锡常地区地面沉降研究现状,具有一定的实用价值。     

黑龙江省三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质研究综述

黑龙江省三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质调查评价项目,是首批国土资源大调查项目之一。此项目已经完成,在水工环境方面取得了重要的成绩。本文对三江平原地下水资源潜力与生态环境地质进行了综合研究;提出了本次研究的目的任务及预期目标;对以往工作进行了评述;阐释了研究思路及主要研究方法;系统地总结了本次工作的成果;最后提出了下一步工作建议。     

Ground Surface Temperature History in Poland in the 16th–20th Centuries Derived from the Inversion of Geothermal Profiles

Ground Surface Temperature (GST) history in Poland was derived from the inversion of temperature-depth profiles in over 20 wells. Temperature histories for the period 1500 A.D. through 1977 A.D. agree well with the instrumental record of the surface-air temperature available for the last two centuries. A statistical correlation of the reconstructed histories (from the well temperature data) with the instrumental record (air temperature) from the homogeneous Warsaw series is high (>0.8). Functional space inversion (FSI) of the temperature data with depth shows that beginning in the early 19th century, temperatures warmed by 0.9 ± 0.1°C following a long period of colder climate before. The last number could be a minimal as higher warming was calculated using a simple model based on surface temperature for the observational period (homogenized Warsaw surface temperature series, Lorenc, 2000) and POM (pre-observational mean; Harris and Chapman, 1998) of –1.53^oC below the 1951–1980 mean temperature level.