一次自动站异常数据的处理

通过对一次自动气象站异常数据的界定与判断,分析了产生异常记录的原因,并提出了处理方法,为提高报表预审质量提供参考。     

Microtopographic properties of sparse moss vegetation in the Antarctic polar desert

The effect of topography on moss vegetation is examined to clarify the processes that affect the colonization of polar deserts on continental Antarctica. Data on the presence of the mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Pottia heimii, and relative altitude were recorded. The altitude measurements were used to infer the underlying topographical attributes of the substrate in the study plots. Specifically, the local distribution of moss plants was clarified using the topographical attributes to construct generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). The models suggested that steep slopes and convex microhabitats within areas of concave general relief (at the plot scale 4 × 4 m) promoted the establishment of moss. This correspondence to general relief was more apparent for B. pseudotriquetrum than for P. heimii. Among the study plots, general relief was found to be an important determinant of the precise spatial distribution of B. pseudotriquetrum. The standard surface estimated using the robust methods presented in this study is shown to be more accurate for describing moss distribution than the prevailing least-squares method.     

北京市地面塌陷特征与致灾因子分析

年北京地面塌陷呈波动式上升趋势,威胁严重.在讨论其孕灾环境和时空分布特征的基础上,分析引起地面塌陷的因素.研究把此区地面塌陷分为采矿地面塌陷和工程地面塌陷两种类型.采矿地面塌陷主要分布于西山门头沟,致灾因子包括开采深度、矿体倾角、降雨、和大量疏排水.工程地面塌陷主要分布于城区,致灾因子包括管线渗漏与侵蚀、地下水过度开采...     

Differential herbivory of invasive algae by native fish in the Mediterranean Sea

The potential role of generalist herbivores to serve as a source of biotic resistance against algal invasion in marine ecosystems has been poorly examined. The present study investigates the capacity of Mediterranean herbivorous fishes to consume three of the most invasive seaweeds of the Western Mediterranean (Caulerpa racemosa, Lophocladia lallemandii and Womersleyella setacea) and examines vertical and temporal variations of such consumption. Our results show that although fish feed throughout the depth gradient examined (5–35 m), they concentrate in shallow waters, and can consume high amounts of C. racemosa. Such high ingestion of C. racemosa does not appear to be random, since this alga is consistently chosen when offered in pairs with several native species. Conversely, L. lallemandii and W. setacea are barely eaten by fish even though they can be very abundant in the field throughout the year. Our results suggest that fish could be an important controlling agent that has been overlooked in temperate marine invasions, and they may be able to provide certain resistance to C. racemosa invasion. In contrast, they are unlikely to exert any important control effects on L. lallemandii or W. setacea.     

针对一次对流云降水反演大气垂直运动速度及雨滴谱

反演大气垂直速度和雨滴谱分布是研究云降水机制和云微物理信息的重要内容,对人工预报天气、干预天气都有重要意义。针对2021年8月29日安徽省内毫米波雷达探测到的一次对流云降水过程,处理毫米波雷达的功率谱数据并进行大气垂直速度和雨滴谱反演。在小粒子示踪法的基础上引入改进小粒子示踪法：选取有效云信号段中最小功率对应的谱点作为反演大气垂直速度的示踪物。首先,根据改进前后的小粒子示踪法分别从功率谱数据中反演大气垂直速度,并跟基数据反演大气速度的结果展开对比分析。进一步得到粒子在静止空气中的下落速度,根据现有粒子下落速度-粒子直径之间的经验公式计算反演粒子直径。研究表明：(1) 采用改进后的小粒子示踪法反演大气垂直速度得到的结果比小粒子示踪法得到的结果更精确,在云层内部两者误差较大;(2) 进一步得到粒子下落速度,结合探测时段的天气状况,得到的粒子速度与大气速度可很好地契合,跟对流云天气情况信息大致吻合;(3) 粒子浓度是反演雨滴谱分布时需要注意的主要参数,云在快速发展过程中,内部粒子持续朝外部扩张,云内部的粒子浓度较小,云边界的粒子浓度反而较大。     

Richter magnitudes and site corrections using vertical component seismograms

The definition of the Richter Ml magnitude scale is in terms of seismic wave horizontal components recorded on Wood‐Anderson seismographs. However, at many seismograph sites only the vertical component is available, and at sedimentary sites horizontal components are usually significantly amplified, causing complications in the assignment of a magnitude to an earthquake. Because each earthquake can be recorded at a different subset of sites, each subset having a different combination of site amplifications, the assignment of a magnitude is dependent upon the seismograph site combination that records a particular earthquake. Although there is some amplification of the vertical component at sedimentary foundation sites, it is shown that a reduced spread of values of Ml magnitude, consistent with low amplification (bedrock) site magnitudes, can be achieved using the vertical component to compute the magnitude and adding 0.2 to adjust to the Ml magnitude scale (defined in terms of the horizontal components). This presupposes that the sites used by Richter were on bedrock; however, even if this is incorrect, it appears to be a necessary precondition for the world‐wide unification of the Richter scale along with defining the true gain of Wood‐Anderson seismographs rather than accepting the design gain of 2800. Site corrections would be smaller than those established using the horizontal components. Taking into account the use of only the vertical component in the calculation of Ml and including the 0.2 adjustment to the equivalent horizontal component derived magnitude, the expression for the calculation of magnitudes in the Victoria region becomes:

Ml = logA_z ‐ logS_z + 0.9 + logR + 0.0056Re^‐0.0013R

where A_z is the equivalent Wood‐Anderson seismograph displacement amplitude, S_z is the site amplification (vertical component) and R is the hypocentral distance.     

新型矿用无缆钻孔测斜仪研究及应用

介绍新型矿用无缆钻孔测斜仪组成、工作方式、技术指标及关键部件设计等.通过煤矿井下钻孔使用,表明该无缆钻孔测斜仪设计合理,使用方便,精度达到测量要求.     

Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Variations in the Near-surface Soil Freezing Days across China, 1956-2006

Using surface soil daily minimum temperature from 845 meteorological stations across China, the long-term (1971-2000) mean and spatial distribution of the near-surface soil freezing days were estimated with annual values of the number of near surface soil freezing days. The time series for the number of freezing days were constructed and compared with air temperatures in the same period.Resultsshowed that long term mean value in the number of the near surface soil freezing days increased with the increasing latitudes and altitudes over China. Near-surface soils were frozen for more than 200 days in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, northern Xinjiang and northeast of China. The boundaries of permafrost zones coincide with the contour of (220±10) days of near-surface soil freezing. Using the mean number of 15 days of near-surface soil freezing as criterion, we found that the southern boundary of seasonally frozen ground is around the 25°N line, and the regions south of 22°N are essentially unfrozen regions. The time series of the number of freezing days showed a significant linear trend with change with a slope of -0.22days/year over a period from 1956 through 2006. After the 1990s, the linear slope was up to -1.02 days / year, indicating that the rate of decrease in the number of near-surface soil freezing days has accelerated. Changes in the number of near surface soil freezing were in a negative correlation with air temperature, i.e., the number of near-surface soil freezing days decreases with increase in air temperature.Backgroundcolor represents the contour values of the departure of near-surface soil freezing days from the 1971-2000 mean; Black dashed line is the boundary of permafrost regions, red dashed line is the boundary between frozen and unfrozen ground regions in China