对包头市九原区温室大棚蔬菜的一些思考

文章基于1980—2009年包头市九原区气温和降水数据,分析了温室大棚在此区域的适应性、必要性和作物效益。同时,针对在温室生产过程中存在的问题,提出了应对措施,为包头市九原区温室大棚生产提供了参考。     

Are We There Yet? NSW local governments’ progress on climate change

Local governments are responding to top-down policy initiatives from both federal and State governments to reduce emissions, and adapt to any potential impacts of climate change. Although climate change is clearly a global problem, many of the solutions will be implemented at the local level. To explore this issue, the aim of this research was to examine regional variation in climate change response across New South Wales (NSW). To this end, between September 2010 and September 2011, we reviewed publicly available council and regional documentations for all NSW councils. The indicators of response examined were based on the NSW Greenhouse Plan (2005). These were awareness-raising, emissions reduction and adaptation planning. It was found that councils were undertaking many practical projects to fulfil the goals of this plan. As a result, they are abating significant quantities of emissions. Adaptation is progressing through the development of risk-based climate change adaptation plans. Councils are addressing particular areas of management, such as water management, assisted by guidelines which incorporate consideration for climate change as part of best practice. While overall responses to this threat are progressing, a distinct urban bias in action has been observed, due to biases in policy and funding arrangements.     

河西走廊东部不同结构日光温室保温性对比

为走出农民增收和农业增效困境,武威市确立了发展日光温室生产的主体生产模式,通过气象观测对引进和推广的新型日光温室进行有益探索,重点对比以土质墙体和草砖为后墙的2种温室冬季的保温性。结果表明:(1)与温室外温度相比,2种结构温室内的温度明显偏高,且土墙保温蓄热效果明显好于草砖。其中,土墙温室较草砖温室旬平均气温偏高1.8~1.9℃,旬极端最低气温偏高2.8~2.9℃,旬平均地温偏高0.9~4.1℃;(2)从不同时段看,土墙蓄热冷却速度明显低于草砖。冬季盖帘时段,土墙温室内气温较草砖偏高3.4~10.8℃,平均偏高3.1℃,地温偏高0.1~7.4℃,平均偏高3.5℃;揭帘时段,土墙温室内气温较草砖偏高4.1~14.7℃,平均偏高4.2℃,地温偏高0.3~7.7℃,平均偏高3.7℃;(3)从典型天气条件看,夜间及清晨土墙室内气温较草砖偏高幅度晴天阴天雪天;白天偏高幅度晴天的最大,雪天的次之,阴天相差不大。土墙温室内地温变化幅度较小,晴天和阴天草砖温室内地温变化幅度略大,且土墙温室内地温高于草砖,雪天相差最大;(4)2种温室结构对产量的影响效果显著,辣椒总产量土墙温室高于草砖温室18%。     

菏泽冬季日光温室内气温预测

利用2012—2013年冬季菏泽巨野日光温室内的小气候观测资料分析了温室内最低气温、最高气温与当天及前一天温室内外各气象要素的相关性,在删选出相关显著要素的基础上,采用主成分分析法建立了温室内气温预测模型。结果表明:1温室内最低气温与当天及前1天温室内外8个气象要素的相关性比较显著,温室内最高气温与当天及前1天温室内外9个气象要素的相关性比较显著,而且各气象要素之间也存在较好的相关性。2主成分回归分别提取了影响温室内最低气温、最高气温的3个主成分因子,建立的温室内气温预测模型通过了显著性检验。3回代检验的结果为,不同天气状况下的最低气温预测值和实际值的平均绝对误差在1℃左右,不同天气状况下的最高气温预测值和实际值之间的平均绝对误差在1.5℃左右。经2013—2014年冬季的温室小气候数据应用检验结果为,不同天气状况下的最低气温、最高气温预测值与实测值的平均绝对误差分别在1.1℃和1.5℃左右,其中晴天条件下的最低气温检验效果较好,绝对误差为0.9℃,寡照天气下的最高气温检验相对较好,绝对误差为1.4℃。     

Climate Change in the Subtropical Jetstream during 1950–2009

A study of six decades(1950–2009) of reanalysis data reveals that the subtropical jetstream(STJ) of the Southern(Northern) Hemisphere between longitudes 0°E and 180°E has weakened(strengthened) during both the boreal winter(January,February) and summer(July, August) seasons. The temperature of the upper troposphere of the midlatitudes has a warming trend in the Southern Hemisphere and a cooling trend in the Northern Hemisphere. Correspondingly, the north–south temperature gradient in the upper troposphere has a decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere and an increasing trend in the Northern Hemisphere, which affects the strength of the STJ through the thermal wind relation. We devised a method of isotach analysis in intervals of 0.1 m s-1in vertical sections of hemispheric mean winds to study the climate change in the STJ core wind speed, and also core height and latitude. We found that the upper tropospheric cooling of the Asian mid-latitudes has a role in the strengthening of the STJ over Asia, while throughout the rest of the globe the upper troposphere has a warming trend that weakens the STJ. Available studies show that the mid-latitude cooling of the upper troposphere over Asia is caused by anthropogenic aerosols(particularly sulphate aerosols) and the warming over the rest of the global mid-latitude upper troposphere is due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.     

日光温室黄瓜小气候适宜度定量评价模型

为了定量评价日光温室内小气候对蔬菜生长发育的适宜程度,增加设施农业气象服务定量化服务内涵,文章根据实际观测资料并结合前人研究成果建立了日光温室内气温、空气相对湿度、接受到的太阳辐射及其综合因子对黄瓜生长发育的适宜度模型,运用黄瓜实际产量与适宜度的关系对模型进行检验,并实际应用了模型。得出黄瓜产量随综合小气候适宜度的增加而增加,两者相关显著,说明所建模型用于分析温室内小气候对黄瓜的适宜程度是可靠的。通过应用,得出日光温室内小气候对黄瓜生长发育最适宜的是5月,最不适宜的是1月;不论是气温适宜度、空气相对湿度适宜度、接受到的太阳辐射适宜度,还是三者综合小气候适宜度,在整个观测年度,其值的变化趋势均呈不规则“V”字形,春季适宜度最高,其次是秋季,冬季最低。计算结果与当地实际情况是一致的。     

Keeping the forest for the climate's sake: avoiding deforestation in developing countries under the UNFCCC

Abstract

A process for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries has been initiated under the UNFCCC. Efforts to agree on a legally binding instrument to halt deforestation have previously failed in other international fora. The magnitude of the social, economic, technical and political complexities underlying deforestation have led to negotiations being challenging. What policy instruments could provide incentives to reduce deforestation, and how could these instruments be framed, under the UNFCCC? This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the available alternatives within and outside of the Kyoto Protocol. Staying within the Kyoto framework means low institutional development costs, established but limited incentives for action, and low flexibility. Alternatives outside the Protocol provide higher institutional development costs, uncertainties with regard to the incentives, but greater flexibility. We argue that a separate protocol may be the most viable option, as it could offer the necessary flexibility and avoid some technical and political pitfalls that would be likely to beset new efforts under the Kyoto Protocol. The article also presents the concept of ‘committed forests’ as a means of defining geographically where the reduction of emissions from deforestation can take place.     

Modeling methane emissions and methane inventories for cattle production systems in Mexico

Anaerobic fermentation of structural carbohydrates in the rumen of bovines produces waste products such as volatile fatty acids, fermentation heat, carbon dioxide and methane gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas having several times the global warming potential of CO₂. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a realistic estimate of the national inventory of methane produced by the enteric fermentation of cattle, based on a simulation model and to provide estimates of CH₄ produced by cattle fed typical diets from the tropical and temperate climates of Mexico. Predicted total emission of methane produced by the 23.3 million heads of cattle in Mexico is approximately 2.02 Tg/yr. It was concluded that the modeling approach was suitable in producing a better estimate of the national methane inventory for cattle. It is flexible enough to incorporate more cattle groups or classification schemes, productivity levels and a variety feed ingredients for cattle. The model could also be used to evaluate different mitigation strategies and serve as a tool to design mitigation policies.     

钾长石—CO_2相互作用水热实验研究

利用高压釜在不同温度下(100℃、125℃、150℃和175℃)开展了CO2-钾长石水热实验。通过扫描电镜、X--衍射技术及紫外分光光度计等对反应前后样品及溶液进行观察或测试,结果表明,随着温度的升高,钾长石溶蚀程度增加,150℃时在钾长石表面识别出新生的碳酸盐等矿物。这说明温度达到150℃时,CO2就能够以新生矿物的形式稳定固结在地层中,为CO2的地下封存提供了实验依据。