论大气二氧化碳温室效应的饱和度

利用最新版本的大气分子吸收光谱资料HITRAN2000，用精确的逐线积分算法，计算了大气CO₂浓度变化后产生的辐射强迫。在此基础上，研究了CO₂温室效应的饱和度以及影响CO₂辐射强迫的各种因子。主要结论如下：地面温度愈高，一般辐射强迫也愈大，但辐射强迫并不完全取决于地面温度，它还受大气温度廓线的强烈影响；研究的 6种模式大气中，吸收带重叠对热带大气的CO₂辐射强迫影响最大，对亚极冬季大气的影响最小；与长波辐射强迫相比，短波辐射强迫的贡献很小；CO₂的温室效应在15μm带中心等波段确实已经达到饱和，但在其它（15μm带两翼，10μm，5.2μm带等）波段远未达到饱和，在最近的将来也不会达到饱和。     

Nonmethane hydrocarbons in an oceanic atmosphere

C₂–C₆ Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and radioactive continental tracers were measured during two oceanographic cruises, in June 1982 in the Mediterranean and Red Sea, and in November 1982 across the North Atlantic and South Pacific oceans. Typical concentrations in marine atmosphere are between 0.05 and 0.2 ppbv. Owing to their similar lifetimes, propane and radon-222 are found to be well correlated. This relationship establishes that propane is mainly produced over lands and enables us to estimate its continental source strength at about 60×10⁶ tons of carbon per year.Also at Université de Picardie     

固体地球科学前沿研究的新挑战

在地球早期至今的几十亿年历史长河中，行星地球从过去的早期阶段到现今阶段是受整个地球系统发展的结果。借鉴地质历史演化，地球系统的过去状态特性对预测将来是非常有助的。温室效应尚不确知，因为这样一个问题难以解释，即近期１５０万年甚至整个第四纪２４０万年内冰期与间冰期相间出现，与人类释放ＣＯ＿２或消耗燃料无关。ＣＯ＿２或ＣＨ＿４叠加大气温度的变化趋势到底是什么？平流层的臭氧是否也有自身修复的功能，它自身是否也在变化？固体地球科学作为地球科学前沿，需要持续发展，应当参与全球变化研究。     

REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE MULTI-FUNCTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A multi-functional solar and skylight spectrophotometer has been developed for the study of atmosphericconstituents and aerosols. The instrument and its performance are described. Due to telescope structure andlock-in amplification technique adopted,the sensitivity of the instrument is high enough to conduct direct sunmoon and twilight measurement for several atmospheric species and the degree of polarization and intensityobservation for sky light. From measured results, the total column abundance of atmospheric species and theoptical characteristics of aerosol can be retrieved. In this paper, the daily averaged column abundance of O_3measured in Beijing by direct sun was compared with Dobson spectrophotometer nearby. The two did notshow significant difference.     

The changing atmosphere: A review

Concern over the effects of human activities on this planet and on it's ecosystems is widespread. Changes wrought within the atmosphere are of particular concern because they have pervasive social, environmental, and economic effects; some potentially serious and very long-term. The problems they pose and the need for remedial measures creates both scientific and policy challenges. This paper bridges the two domains, outlining how the atmosphere is being changed, some of the possible consequences thereof, and actions being taken to address the issue.Emissions to the atmosphere are attacking the stratospheric ozone shield, causing acidification, spreading toxic substances and increasing the greenhouse effect. Of these concerns, the global issue of greenhouse warming will have the greatest overall impact and it the most difficult to address. While some countries have taken important preventative and mitigating measures, action on the greenhouse threat generally has been restrained because of related uncertainties, possible economic upsets and the enormity of the problem. The paper ends by noting recent international initiatives toward development of needed public policies and the roles of the scientist in addressing the issue.     

The 1985 chlorine and fluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOS observations at 30° north latitude

The set of high-resolution infrared solar observations made with the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)-Fourier transform spectrometer from onboard Spacelab 3 (30 April-1 May 1985) has been used to evaluate the total budgets of the odd chlorine and fluorine chemical families in the stratosphere. These budgets are based on volume mixing ratio profiles measured for HCl, HF, CH₃Cl, ClONO₂, CCl₄, CCl₂F₂, CCl₃F, CHClF₂, CF₄, COF₂, and SF₆ near 30° north latitude. When including realistic concentrations for species not measured by ATMOS, i.e., the source gases CH₃CCl₃ and C₂F₃Cl₃ below 25 km, and the reservoirs ClO, HOCl and COFCl between 15 and 40 km (five gases actually measured by other techniques), the 30° N zonal 1985 mean total mixing ratio of chlorine, Cl, was found to be equal to (2.58±0.10) ppbv (parts per billion by volume) throughout the stratosphere, with no significant decrease near the stratopause. The results for total fluorine indicate a slight, but steady, decrease of its volume mixing ratio with increasing altitude, around a mean stratospheric value of (1.15±0.12) ppbv. Both uncertainties correspond to one standard deviation. These mean springtime 1985 stratospheric budgets are commensurate with values reported for the tropospheric Cl and F concentrations in the early 1980s, when allowance is made for the growth rates of their source gases at the ground and the time required for tropospheric air to be transported into the stratosphere. The results are discussed with emphasis on conservation of fluorine and chlorine and the partitioning among source, sink, and reservoir gases throughout the stratosphere.     

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETATION ON CLIMATE CHANGES INDUCED BY THERMAL FORCING

A land-process scheme has been incorporated in a vertical one-dimensional time-dependent atmospheric modeland numerical experiments have been performed with the coupled model to examine influences of soil wetness and vege-tation on climate changes associated to thermal forcing.It is showed that response of land-surface temperature to thethermal forcing becomes small with increase of soil water content and vegetation cover.Furthermore,the response ismore obvious in arid climate region than in humid one.The result also shows that there exist two patterns of corre-sponding relation between variations in air temperature and humidity on the land surface in response to hydrologic andthermal focing.     

THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE STRATOSPHERE IN GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Two one-dimensional radiative-convective models with the same scheme and the different ranges that one is fromsurface to stratopause and the other is from surface to tropopause,have been developed to study the role played by thestratosphere in greenhouse effect.It is shown that the addition of stratospheric response may lead to an increase of 7—50percent in radiative forcing at the tropopause,and an increase of 20—60 percent in surface temperature when the con-centration of the same gas in the two models increases at the same time;and when the same change in radiative forcing atthe tropopause due to the same agent in the two models occurs,the addition of stratospheric response may lead to an in-crease of 5—20 percent in surface temperature;and allowing for the stratospheric adjustment means that the tempera-ture responses to the same flux change due to different causes are in far disagreement.     

天然气中非烃组分地球化学研究进展

综述了天然气中非烃组分（Ｃ０＿２、Ｈ＿２Ｓ、Ｎ＿２、Ｈｅ、Ａｒ、Ｈ＿２、Ｈ＿２Ｏ和Ｈｇ等）地球化学（地质产状、分布规律、成因机理和同位素地球化学特征）研究现状和发展趋势，指出了我国在这方面研究的薄弱之处以及需加强的领域。     

Volatile organic compounds in solfataric gases

A gas chromatographic study has revealed the presence in volcanic gases of a variety of volatile organic compounds. Of particular interest is the detection of such halocarbons as trichlorofluoromethane (F-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12), dichlorofluoromethane (F-21), CCl₄ and CHCl₃. The concentrations of these compounds attaining 160 ppb in undilute solfataric gases were determined for the first time. The data obtained confirm the existence of a natural source of halocarbons that have a long lifetime in the troposphere and that play an important role in the greenhouse effect and in the catalytic cycle of destruction of stratospheric ozone.