国际行业温室气体减排方法最新进展评述

由于《巴厘行动计划》中明确提出"合作的行业方法"以及发达国家的积极推动,所谓国际行业减排方法正受到越来越多的关注。在对此类方法的定义、分类和提出背景进行简要介绍的基础上,总结了该类方法的最新进展和发展动向。最后对近期发展的特点进行了归纳与评述,指出了发展中国家尤其是我国在国家和行业发展层面所面临的挑战和亟待解决的问题。     

青藏高原地区大气红外探测器（AIRS）资料质量检验及揭示的上对流层水汽特征

上对流层水汽（UTWV）是大气中最重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖有重要贡献; 而青藏高原被认为是UTWV进入平流层的重要通道,在平流层－对流层水汽交换及平流层水汽变化中扮演着重要角色。首先利用高原探空站资料对大气红外探测器（AIRS）反演的水汽数据在高原地区的质量进行了检验,发现AIRS反演的水汽数据与探空实测数据是相当一致的。其中全年和夏半年AIRS的可信度较好,而冬半年,尤其是上对流层AIRS水汽可信度相对较低,但在缺乏高精密数据时仍部分可用。利用AIRS资料对青藏高原地区UTWV季节变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,高原冬季偏干,而夏季显著偏湿,并且空间分布具有明显的不均匀性。经验正交函数(EOF)分析显示,夏季高原UTWV主要存在三种空间分布型,即全区一致型,高原东西偶极型和南北带状偶极型。一致型分布具有明显的季节变化,而偶极型则以季节内振荡为主。在此基础上,重点研究夏半年高原地区UTWV季节内振荡特征,结果表明,UTWV季节内振荡的显著周期位于10～20天和30～60天。前者主要表现为纬向东传,并且可以越过高原进入我国江淮流域上空;而后者主要向南移动,基本表现为高原局地振荡。最后,进一步探讨了高原UTWV季节内振荡的可能机制,结果表明,高原地区UTWV的低频变化主要与高原热状况、南亚高压活动及其与二者相耦合的对流活动有关。     

无核紫葡萄温室育苗小气候环境条件调控研究

通过对无核紫葡萄温室苗的生长发育及所处小气候环境条件的要素观测,掌握了该新品种葡萄苗木在哈密目光温室中的生长发育状况及所需的适宜气象条件,获取了无核紫葡萄温室生长的气候调控技术,为苗木的大量繁育和该品种的大面积推广提供了支撑。     

Keeping the forest for the climate's sake: avoiding deforestation in developing countries under the UNFCCC

Abstract

A process for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries has been initiated under the UNFCCC. Efforts to agree on a legally binding instrument to halt deforestation have previously failed in other international fora. The magnitude of the social, economic, technical and political complexities underlying deforestation have led to negotiations being challenging. What policy instruments could provide incentives to reduce deforestation, and how could these instruments be framed, under the UNFCCC? This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the available alternatives within and outside of the Kyoto Protocol. Staying within the Kyoto framework means low institutional development costs, established but limited incentives for action, and low flexibility. Alternatives outside the Protocol provide higher institutional development costs, uncertainties with regard to the incentives, but greater flexibility. We argue that a separate protocol may be the most viable option, as it could offer the necessary flexibility and avoid some technical and political pitfalls that would be likely to beset new efforts under the Kyoto Protocol. The article also presents the concept of ‘committed forests’ as a means of defining geographically where the reduction of emissions from deforestation can take place.     

全球气候变暖原因的争议

综合分析了政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)与非政府间国际气候变化专门委员会(NIPCC)针锋相对的观点:是人类活动还是自然因素主导了过去近百年的气候变化.指出20世纪中期以来温度变化的事实支持人类活动影响的观点,但是在近百年中自然因素如太阳活动、火山活动或大洋热盐环流的变化,对温度的年代际变化有重要影响.有充分的古...     

火山区温室气体排放研究进展

火山活动是地球深部脱气的重要途径之一,它在大气圈温室气体浓度变化及全球碳排放研究中具有重要的作用。以国外火山气体研究成果为基础,概述火山气体的研究内容、研究方法（包括样品采集、实验室测试）,并重点探讨国外间歇期火山区土壤脱气、温泉脱气及喷气孔脱气的温室气体排放通量估算方法及其相应规模。结果表明,全球范围内火山间歇期土壤...     

OBSERVATION AND INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITIES OF BASELINE CO2 CONCENTRATION OVER WALIGUAN MOUNTAIN IN QINGHAI PROVINCE OF CHINA*

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO₂ was made at the top of the Waliguan Mountain(36°17'N,100°54'E,3816 m asl).where the air is not directly affected by the local anthropogenic and natural sources,by using a nondispersive infrared(NDIR)analyzer and following the procedures proposed by WMO.The CO₂ in the flask samples collected on the mountain was also analyzed in a laboratory.The measurements uncover the daily,monthly and seasonal variabilities and the baseline level of the CO₂ in the air over the "clean" area of Chinese hinterland.Results suggest that the CO₂ concentration over the East Asia continent has evident periodical variation,similar to that of global distribution.In 1992,an annual mean baseline CO₂ concentration of 356.4 ppm over the continent was obtained.The annual mean value was 357.2 ppm for 1993.Some relationships between the CO₂ concentration at Waliguan and the weather conditions,especially,wind speed and direction are found through the observation.     

固体地球科学前沿研究的新挑战

在地球早期至今的几十亿年历史长河中，行星地球从过去的早期阶段到现今阶段是受整个地球系统发展的结果。借鉴地质历史演化，地球系统的过去状态特性对预测将来是非常有助的。温室效应尚不确知，因为这样一个问题难以解释，即近期１５０万年甚至整个第四纪２４０万年内冰期与间冰期相间出现，与人类释放ＣＯ＿２或消耗燃料无关。ＣＯ＿２或ＣＨ＿４叠加大气温度的变化趋势到底是什么？平流层的臭氧是否也有自身修复的功能，它自身是否也在变化？固体地球科学作为地球科学前沿，需要持续发展，应当参与全球变化研究。     

REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE MULTI-FUNCTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A multi-functional solar and skylight spectrophotometer has been developed for the study of atmosphericconstituents and aerosols. The instrument and its performance are described. Due to telescope structure andlock-in amplification technique adopted,the sensitivity of the instrument is high enough to conduct direct sunmoon and twilight measurement for several atmospheric species and the degree of polarization and intensityobservation for sky light. From measured results, the total column abundance of atmospheric species and theoptical characteristics of aerosol can be retrieved. In this paper, the daily averaged column abundance of O_3measured in Beijing by direct sun was compared with Dobson spectrophotometer nearby. The two did notshow significant difference.