农业温室气体清单方法研究最新进展

为了履行气候变化框架公约的义务,缔约国要按时编制并提交国家温室气体清单。文章主要介绍温室气体清单指南中土壤CO2的排放和清除,稻田甲烷的排放,农业土壤中氧化亚氮的直接排放和间接排放等方面温室气体估算方法的研究进展。《2006年IPCC指南》中强调国家清单只报告管理土地CO2的排放和清除;采用六类土地利用类型体制,即：林地、农地、草地、湿地、居住地和其它地;提供了多层次的估算方法;稻田甲烷的季节排放因子变为日排放因子;农业土壤氧化亚氮的排放因子进一步修正;生物氮的固定不再作为氧化亚氮直接排放的排放源。清单方法改进的同时,我国编制农业温室气体清单面临巨大困难与挑战。     

施氮和增温对鄱阳湖灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens Kukenth.)湿地秋草生长期氧化亚氮排放的影响

湿地是地球上十分重要的氮库,而且对大气氮沉降增加、气候变暖等全球变化响应非常敏感。目前关于湿地氧化亚氮(N₂O)的研究还存在较大的区域不均衡性,湿地N₂O排放对全球变化的响应也具有很大的不确定性。因此,本研究通过在鄱阳湖灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens Kukenth.)湿地开展N₂O通量原位监测及全球变化模拟实验,以揭示鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O排放变化特征及其对施氮和增温的响应关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地总体上是N₂O弱源,平均N₂O通量为(5.77±1.45) μg/(m²·h)。施氮对鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O通量有显著影响,相对于不施氮,施氮可显著提升2.7倍的N₂O排放通量。增温及其与施氮的交互作用对N₂O通量的影响不显著。鄱阳湖灰化薹草湿地N₂O排放过程主要由湿地植物调节,而与空气温度、土壤温度、土壤水分等非生物因素无显著相关关系。研究结果有利于深入认识全球变化与湖泊湿地N₂O排放的互馈作用,并为评估全球变化背景下湖泊湿地N₂O收支平衡提供重要支撑;未来还需要加强多因子交互作用研究并开展长期连续监测,从而为阐明湿地氮循环对全球变化的响应机制和构建气候预测模型提供验证数据和理论依据。     

A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indicators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in industrialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.     

Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin,China

The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.     

The Agulhas Plateau: structure and evolution of a Large Igneous Province

Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) are of great interest due to their role in crustal generation, magmatic processes and environmental impact. The Agulhas Plateau in the southwest Indian Ocean off South Africa has played a controversial role in this discussion due to unclear evidence for its continental or oceanic crustal affinity. With new geophysical data from seismic refraction and reflection profiling, we are able to present improved evidence for its crustal structure and composition. The velocity–depth model reveals a mean crustal thickness of 20 km with a maximum of 24 km, where three major units can be identified in the crust. In our seismic reflection records, evidence for volcanic flows on the Agulhas Plateau can be observed. The middle crust is thickened by magmatic intrusions. The up to 10 km thick lower crustal body is characterized by high seismic velocities of 7.0–7.6 km s⁻¹. The velocity–depth distribution suggests that the plateau consists of overthickened oceanic crust similar to other oceanic LIPs such as the Ontong-Java Plateau or the northern Kerguelen Plateau. The total volume of the Agulhas Plateau was estimated to be 4 × 10⁶ km³ of which about 10 per cent consists of extruded igneous material. We use this information to obtain a first estimate on carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emission caused by degassing from this material. The Agulhas Plateau was formed as part of a larger LIP consisting of the Agulhas Plateau itself, Northeast Georgia Rise and Maud Rise. The formation time of this LIP can be estimated between 100 and 94 (± 5) Ma.     

疏勒河上游多年冻土区植物生长季主要温室气体排放观测

选取青藏高原东北部疏勒河上游多年冻土区的高寒草甸样地为研究对象, 对2011年植物生长季(6-10月)主要温室气体(CO₂、 CH₄CH₄和CO₂)的排放进行了观测. 结果显示: 疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸地表CO₂、 CH₄和N₂O排放速率范围分别为7.58~418.60 mg·m^-2·h^-1, -0.20~0.14 mg·m^-2·h^-1和-27.22~39.98 μg·m^-2·h^-1. 0~10 cm土壤温度、 含水量和盐分与CO₂和CH₄排放速率显著相关, 但与N₂O排放速率无显著相关. 日均排放速率显示, CO₂和N₂O在整个观测期均表现为排放; CH₄在植物返青期和生长旺盛期表现为排放, 在枯黄期伴随表层土壤发生日冻融循环时为吸收. 从9月30日12:00-10月6日14:40, 表层0~10 cm土壤经历了3次日冻融循环, CO₂和N₂O日均排放速率分别由冻融前的60.73 mg·m^-2·h^-1和9.91 μg·m^-2·h^-1提高到122.33 mg·m^-2·h^-1和11.70 μg·m^-2·h^-1. 土壤温度、 含水量和盐分是影响CO₂和CH₄排放的重要因子, 表层土壤冻融交替作用可提高地表CO₂和N₂O的排放速率.     

南海ODP1146站位烃类气体地球化学特征及其意义

ODP1146站位位于东沙群岛南部的尖峰北小型裂谷盆地内。系统的顶空气和酸解烃分析结果表明,在0～250m（海底合成深度）区间的烃类气体含量较低且变化不大,但在390～590m特别是在550～590m区间存在较明显的高烃异常。这一高烃异常可能与天然气水合物有关,是邻区天然气水合物分解后释放出的高烃流体沿层间裂隙或断层侧向迁移的结果。甲烷碳同位素的测定结果显示其δ^13C1值为-24.0‰～-37.8‰（PDB标准）,结合烃类气体的分子比值C1／（C2＋C3）,1146站位的烃类气体应是热解气或是以热解气为主的混合气,但在中上部可能存在部分微生物气。     

夏季长江口潮间带CH4、CO2和N2O通量特征

使用原位静态箱现场采样,对夏季(7月和8月)长江口崇明东滩湿地3种主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的界面通量进行了同步观测.结果表明,夏季低潮滩是大气CH4的排放源(40.2 μg/(m2·h)),CO2和N2O的吸收汇(通量值分别为-86.3 mg/(m2·h),-27.6 μg/(m2·h)).7月和8月中潮滩是3种温室气体的排放源,CH4日平均排放速率达到6.56 mg/(m2·h),CO2为301 mg/(m2·h),N2O为69.9 μg/(m2·h).温度(气温和不同深度地温)、沉积物有机碳含量以及潮滩植被海三棱藨草和沉积物表层藻类的光合和呼吸是决定CH4、CO2、N2O产生、排放和吸收的主要因素.相关分析表明中潮滩气体排放通量与温度(气温和不同深度地温)呈显著正相关关系,但在低潮滩气体通量与温度的相关关系不明显.     

云南滇池流域强烈灌溉条件下西芹大棚土壤水分动态特征

利用TRIME-T3型TDR仪土壤含水量测量系统和WM-1型负压计系统现场监测了强烈灌溉条件下整个作物生长期西芹大棚土壤水分、土壤负压(基质势)的动态变化;研究表明,不同深度土壤含水量受强烈灌溉的影响程度不同,0.3 m深度处受影响最大,1.0,2.0 m深度处受影响最小;受灌溉的影响,0.3,0.6,1.0 m深度处负压有所波动,其中0.3 m深度处负压的波动幅度最大;2.0 m深度处的土壤一直处于"饱和-非饱和"两种状态的转换之中;在地下水埋深为2.0 m左右,且上部土层的渗透性较差(饱和渗透系数仅为0.04 m/d)的情况下,地下水水位受灌溉的影响极小.     

吸附势理论在煤层气吸附/解吸中的应用

煤层气的吸附/解吸将导致煤层甲烷碳同位素以及煤层气多组分分馏,使得煤层气富集区预测成为可能;并为揭示注入CO2增强CH4产出提供依据。本文根据Polanyi吸附势理论和实测及收集的等温吸附试验数据,探讨煤层甲烷碳同位素和多组分气体的分馏。通过研究,得到如下两个结论：①13CH4在煤表面的吸附势普遍高于12CH4,也就是说13CH4与12CH4相比具有优先吸附、滞后解吸的特点。这种差异具有随压力增加而增加的特点。②煤层气吸附/解吸过程中CH4和CO2的分馏可归纳为以下3种情形： a. CO2和CH4的吸附/解吸等温线不相交,CO2的吸附势大于等于CH4,在CO2和CH4吸附势接近的中压阶段(1~2.5 MPa)不利于注CO2驱CH4,高压、低压阶段均有利; b. 因CH4的吸附/解吸等温线相交造成CH4和CO2的吸附特性曲线相交,在高压条件(>2.5 MPa)下利于注CO2驱CH4; c. 因CO2的吸附/解吸等温线相交造成CH4和CO2的吸附特性曲线相交,在高压条件(>2.5 MPa)下利于注CO2驱CH4。吸附势理论的引入为定量评价注入二氧化碳驱甲烷工艺参数和有利储层的选择提供了方法,并揭示了在高压条件(>2.5 MPa)下总是有利于向煤层注入CO2强化CH4产出。