晚白垩世(80Ma)东亚气候的数值模拟

利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的CCSM2全球气候系统模式以及重建的古地理资料研究了晚白垩世(80Ma)东亚的古气候特征。模拟结果表明:80Ma时期东亚地区大范围盛行的风向和气压系统随季节有显著变化,由此可以推断东亚地区当时是存在季风环流的。与现代气候比较,白垩纪时期大陆上空的大气环流系统经向特征更明显,这种特征可能与当时欧亚大陆东西向跨度较小有关。此外,在当时偏暖的背景下,东亚冬季风和夏季风呈现出一致的变化特征,即冬季风和夏季风都比现代强。年平均降水的分布型和现代的情况比较相似,降水最大值出现在10°S～10°N的赤道辐合带中,与西太平洋相邻的大陆东岸降水也较多,其中心超过1200mm,而在中纬度的内陆地区降水则稀少。虽然与现代情况相似,80Ma在30°N附近的西太平洋上也为多雨带,然而在东亚陆地上没有多雨带,这说明了青藏高原隆升在现代东亚夏季梅雨形成中的重要性。此外,模拟的80Ma时期东亚地区气候要比现代温暖,相同纬度的表面气温要高2℃以上,模拟的温度与地质证据估计的温度比较接近。     

过去1 000 a大气中主要温室气体冰芯记录研究概述

对南北两极和中低纬度山地冰芯中开展的温室气体的相关研究进行了回顾.结果显示:在1000aBP到工业革命阶段,大气中CO2,CH4和N2O等温室气体的浓度及气体稳定同位素受各种自然来源影响显著,平均含量较低,浓度波动也较小;工业革命之后,随着人类工农业等活动对环境的影响的加剧,大气中3种温室气体的含量呈现出剧烈的上升趋势.2007年IPCC第四次评估报告显示,目前CO2、CH4和N2O气体浓度的全球大气平均含量分别达到379mL·m-3、1774μL·m-3和319μL·m-3.对影响工业革命前南极、格陵兰及青藏高原冰芯中温室气体的含量的因素总结发现,由于受不同的温度、杂质含量等条件的影响,温室气体含量区域差异较大.1800A.D.以前,格陵兰冰芯中CO2的含量较南极冰芯高出9mL·m-3,青藏高原达索普冰芯CH4平均含量较南极和格陵兰冰盖高出15%～20%,格陵兰冰芯中的N2O含量也明显高于南极冰芯.工业革命以后,冰芯中3种气体浓度表现出强烈的上升趋势,并均达到1000A.D.以来的最高值.     

附件一国家温室气体排放趋势及其履约进展

 对《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处最新公布的温室气体排放数据进行统计分析,结果显示：相对于基准年（1990年）,附件一国家温室气体排放总量整体呈下降趋势。其中,经济转型期国家温室气体排放总量总体上呈逐年下降趋势,非经济转型期国家的温室气体排放总量有逐年增长的趋势。美国和加拿大能源部门的温室气体排放量增长最为显著,相对于1990年,2005年其增幅分别为19.2%和28.6%;英国和德国能源部门温室气体减排量最为显著,其减幅分别为7.8%和17.4%。在2005年,有超过一半的附件一国家的实际排放量低于其目标排放量,履约进展状况良好。     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

全球变暖背景下东亚气候变化的最新情景预测

在最新的SRES A2和B2温室气体排放情景下,利用国际上7个气候模式针对未来全球变暖的数值模拟结果,本文着重分析了东亚区域气候21世纪的变化趋势. 研究揭示：中国大陆年均表面气温升高过程与全球同步,但增幅在东北、西部和华中地区较大,且表现出明显的年际变化;全球年均表面气温增幅纬向上大体呈带状分布,两极地区最为明显,并在北极地区达到最大;此外,21世纪后半段北半球高纬度地区的年平均强升温幅度主要来自于冬季增温. 在21世纪前50年,温室气体含量的增加除在一定程度上会增加青藏高原大部分夏季降水量外,不会对中国大陆其余地区的年、季节平均降水量产生较大影响;但持续的温室气体含量增加将最终导致大陆降水量几乎是全域性的增加.     

Isotopically anomalous neon in meteoritic nanodiamonds: Formation during type II supernova explosions

We hypothesize the formation of neon associated with isotopically anomalous xenon (Xe-HL) in meteoritic nanodiamonds and designated as Ne-X through the mixing of the Ne-HL and Ne-S subcomponents. The Ne-HL subcomponent is neon from the helium (He/C) zone of a type II supernova or a mixture of neon from this zone and its hydrogen zone, while the Ne-S subcomponent is spallation neon formed during a supernova explosion in nuclear spallation reactions induced by high-energy protons. Based on this hypothesis and the presumed abundances of neon isotopes in the zones of a high-mass (25M _⊙) supernova after its explosion, we have calculated the abundances of neon components in nanodiamond separates and its grain-size fractions. Our calculations have shown the following. (1) The main source of Ne-HL is neon from the helium zone of the supernova; as a result, the ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and ²¹Ne/²²Ne ratios for Ne-X are 0.26 ± 0.03 and 0.19 ± 0.04, respectively. The isotopic composition of Ne-X is identical to that for Ne-A2 if Ne-HL is produced by the mixing of neon from the helium and hydrogen zones in proportion 1: 1.06. (2) In meteoritic nanodiamonds, the main neon abundance is determined by neon of the P3 component (Ne-P3). Ne-P3 is retained during thermal metamorphism, because it is sited in traps of the crystal lattice of diamond with a high energy of its activation. (3) The Ne-X/Ne-P3 ratio increases with nanodiamond grain size; as a result, there is no need to invoke an additional neon component (Ne-P6) to interpret the data on neon in meteoritic nanodiamonds.     

东台西瓜大棚内外温度关系及高低温预警方法研究

根据东台大棚西瓜生产普遍模式和研究目的,建立相应的试验观测站,分别选择夜间低温样本和白天晴天条件样本,对资料序列进行分析。结果表明：夜间塑料大棚内温度与外界温度密切相关;白天晴天条件下大棚内温度与外界温度、太阳高度角、太阳光通过大气对流层的斜距等因子有着显著的相关关系。运用统计回归方法建立夜间低温条件下和白天晴天条件下大棚内外温度关系,达到较高的准确率和精度;结合冻害温度指标和发生冻害的可能性大小,确定夜间低温预警指标等级及温度范围,并对白天晴天条件下大棚内指标温度出现时间进行尝试性预测,有针对性地服务于大棚西瓜的生产过程。     

中国农业温室气体减排交易的机遇与挑战

 在介绍国际碳市场情况的基础上,总结潜在的农业温室气体减排交易项目类型,探讨中国如何在国际碳市场前景不明朗、自愿碳市场刚刚起步,以及国内实现节能减排目标和实施生态补偿机制的机遇中,克服农业温室气体减排项目所面临的单位减排量小、交易成本高、方法学和独立的第三方认证机构缺乏,以及国内交易平台尚不规范的困难,积极探索利用市场机制控制农业温室气体排放的方法。     

西藏太阳能应用工作实践

本文是《西藏建筑节能设计标准的探讨》一文的姊妹篇。通过对西藏开展太阳能研究利用工作实践和取得成果的简略回顾,希望能给在西藏从事新能源工作的同志一点帮助。     

石家庄地区日光温室冬季小气候特征及其与大气候的关系

根据2006—2007年、2008—2009年冬季日光温室内小气候和附近气象站观测资料,利用相关和逐步回归分析,对不同天气状况下石家庄地区日光温室冬季小气候特征及其与外界的关系进行了研究。结果表明,晴天和少云-多云天气下日光温室内的气温、空气相对湿度、接受到的最大太阳辐射有明显的日变化;连续寡照时,室内全天气温低,空气湿度大,不利于蔬菜正常生长发育。影响日光温室内小气候的主要因子有外界的日照时数、平均气温、最低气温、最高气温、空气湿度、云量以及温室内前一天的最高气温等。建立了日光温室内外气象要素的相关模型,经拟合检验和应用检验,不同天气状况下日光温室内日最低气温、最高气温、空气最小相对湿度、接受到的最大太阳辐射的平均绝对误差分别在1.1℃、2.5℃、5.8%、58.3W·m~(-2)以内,平均相对误差大部分在10%以内,具有较高的精度。