Study on the Trace Species in the Stratosphere and Their Impact on Climate

The trace gases （O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2） in the stratosphere play an important role, not only in the photochemical processes in which the ozone layer destroyed, but also in the radiative processes. In this paper, we review the works on the distribution and variation of the trace gases in the stratosphere and their impact on climate, which have been carried out at the University of Science and Technology of China in the recent 20 years. The Halogen Occultation Experiment （HALOE） data were used to analyse the distribution and variation of the mixing ratio of these trace gases and the temperature trends in the stratosphere in the most recent decade. And the reanalyzed National Centers of Environmental Prediction （NCEP）/NCAR data were also used to give the temperature trends and compared with the results from HALOE data. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study the impact of ozone depletion on the global climate. In this review, the distributions of the trace gases, especially those over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are discussed, and the variations and trends for the trace gases in various levels in the stratosphere have been given for the most recent decade. The temperature variation and the cooling trend obtained from HALOE data in the middle and lower stratosphere for the last 13 years are significant, which agree well with the results from NCEP/NCAR data. While the temperature trend in the upper stratosphere in this period do not seem to have much cooling. The numerical simulations show that either the Antarctic ozone hole or the ozone valley over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau affect not only the temperature and circulation in the stratosphere, but also the temperature, pressure and wind fields in the troposphere, then lead to the global climate change.     

上甸子本底站卤代温室气体大气浓度短期波动的个例分析

利用轨迹分析法、印痕分析和流场分析法,结合上甸子站卤代温室气体H-1301、HCFC-22、CFC-11和SF6在线浓度观测数据,选取2012年9月7-12日上甸子测站卤代温室气体浓度短期波动典型个例进行分析.轨迹分析结果表明：7日12时,污染发生前,气团主要来自较远的偏西北、偏北方向,水平输送距离长,移动迅速,垂直高度高,对应的卤代温室气体浓度偏低,H-1301、HCFC-22、CFC-11和SF6的体积分数分别为4x10-12、350x10-12、260x10-12、10x10-12;9、10日有一定比例的气团在测站的偏南区域近地面回旋打转,水平输送距离短,垂直高度低,在边界层内缓慢移动,不利于污染物在边界层内扩散,导致卤代温室气体浓度偏高,对测站浓度的短期抬升贡献较大,9日12时H-1301、HCFC-22、CFC-11的峰值体积分数分别达到45x10-12、1 200x 10-12、310x10-12,10日03时SF6的峰值体积分数达到28x10-12;11日西南方向回旋气团消失;12日气团完全来自较远的西北方向且轨迹移动较快.印痕分析与轨迹分析结果一致：7、8日敏感性系数较高区域主要分布在测站以北,9、10日敏感性系数较高区域分布在测站偏南,11、12日测站偏南的敏感性系数较高区域消失.流场分析结果表明：9、10日环流形势有利于污染物在测站区域累积,造成测站浓度的短期抬升.     

中国低碳车辆技术现状与发展趋势

为探讨道路交通部门节能减排的决策依据,在总结低碳车辆技术主要种类基础上,重点评述了车辆动力系统和燃料替代技术的低碳化发展现状与趋势,包括全生命周期能效和温室气体排放情况。为进一步支持车辆技术低碳化,除加强综合节能技术和混合动力技术应用、电池技术升级和燃料电池技术研发之外,需加快生物燃料二代技术的研发进程和煤基燃料路线中二氧化碳捕获和封存技术等低碳技术的应用。     

中国西部地区未来气候变化趋势预测

用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球环流耦合模式(IAP/LASG GOALS),对中国西部地区由于CO2含量增加引起的未来气候变化进行了模拟预测分析.预测CO2含量每年以1%速度递增,对此进行了控制试验和扰动试验两个长期积分,并用它们的差值来表示中国西部地区的气候变化.结果表明,CO2增加以后,在初始阶段平均温度、降水和湿度变化不大,随着CO2含量的增加,中国西部地区温度、降水及湿度均呈显著的增加趋势,且比全球增加大得多.到2050年全球温度相对于现在增加1.5℃,而中国西部地区温度升高在1.2～2.2℃,其中最大增温区出现在青藏高原附近;西南地区降水将增加200mm以上,比湿增加最大,达0.8 g kg-1以上,新疆西部和西北部地区降水减少50 mm左右,平均降水增加15%,整个西部地区气候变暖变湿.     

中国天然气中稀有气体丰度和同位素组成

中国天然气中稀有气体丰度和同位素组成徐胜（中国科学院兰州地质研究所，兰州７３００００）关键词中国天然气、稀有气体丰度和同位素、稀有气体来源稀有气体在地质作用过程中的丰度和同位素组成变化几乎不受复杂化学反应的影响，而主要取决于溶解、吸附、吸着和核反应等...     

燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境的影响

采用红外光谱和电子探针分析方法,开展对华北克拉通北缘燕辽地区中生代火山岩中斑晶矿物包裹体地球化学成分研究,并具体分析了燕辽地区中生代火山活动对古环境所造成的重大影响。研究表明,从中生代早期至晚期,燕辽地区火山活动喷出气体及其气溶胶对古环境造成的影响具有明显不同的演化特征。从早到晚表现为：（1）南大岭期玄武质火山喷出的剧毒气体富集S与Cl,它们导致火山区附近地表温度下降和酸雨形成;（2）髫髻山期安山质-粗面安山质火山喷发形成的气体以高含量的H2O和CO2为特征,其对周围环境造成的影响是引起地表温度上升;（3）张家口期粗面质和流纹质火山作用喷出的剧毒气体富集Cl和F两组分,它们主要是破坏大气臭氧层和形成酸雨;（4）辽西义县期和九佛堂期中酸性火山活动喷入大气圈剧毒火山气体的S、Cl和F含量均较高,火山喷出的大量气体及其气溶胶与火山灰一起导致辽西中生代大量带毛恐龙和孔子鸟等脊椎动物集群死亡,并形成化石层。本文从火山气体及其气溶胶对古环境影响的角度初步分析了辽西地区出露大量中生代脊椎动物化石的原因。     

模式气候的球谐谱分析

对模拟的气候场用球谐函数作波谱分析,得到了全球500hPa高度和海平面气压在不同截断时的波谱特征以及由CO2倍增(2×CO2)引起的流场变化。与用经验正交函数(EOF)对模式气候作分析不同,球谐波谱分析能清晰显示大气波动的物理图像,尤其是全球大气低频波。另外,试图通过分析2×CO2和1×CO2时的模拟环流,解释造成全球增暖的环流背景特征。       

Evidence for a mantle component shown by rare gases, C and N isotopes in polycrystalline diamonds from Orapa (Botswana)

In an attempt to constrain the origin of polycrystalline diamond, combined analyses of rare gases and carbon and nitrogen isotopes were performed on six such diamonds from Orapa (Botswana). Helium shows radiogenic isotopic ratios of R/Ra = 0.14–1.29, while the neon ratios (²¹Ne/²²Ne of up to 0.0534) reflect a component from mantle, nucleogenic and atmospheric sources. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of between 477 and 6056 are consistent with this interpretation. The (¹²⁹Xe/¹³⁰Xe) isotopic ratios range between 6.54 and 6.91 and the lower values indicate an atmospheric component. The He, Ne, Ar and Xe isotopic compositions and the Xe isotopic pattern are clear evidence for a mantle component rather than a crustal one in the source of the polycrystalline diamonds from Orapa. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic values of − 1.04 to − 9.79‰ and + 4.5 to + 15.5‰ respectively, lie within the range of values obtained from the monocrystalline diamonds at that mine. Additionally, this work reveals that polycrystalline diamonds may not be the most appropriate samples to study if the aim is to consider the compositional evolution of rare gases through time. Our data shows that after crystallization, the polycrystalline diamonds undergo both gas loss (that is more significant for the lighter rare gases such as He and Ne) and secondary processes (such as radiogenic, nucleogenic and fissiogenic, as well as atmospheric contamination). Finally, if polycrystalline diamonds sampled an old mantle (1–3.2 Ga), the determined Xe isotopic signatures, which are similar to present MORB mantle – no fissiogenic Xe from fission of ²³⁸U being detectable – imply either that Xe isotopic ratios have not evolved within the convective mantle since diamond crystallization, or that these diamonds are actually much younger.     

甲烷氧化与氨氧化微生物及其耦合功能

甲烷氧化与氨氧化过程分别对控制温室气体甲烷和氧化亚氮方面有着特殊作用,土壤及湿地等环境中的甲烷氧化菌和氨氧化菌在生态系统碳、氮生物循环中扮演着重要的角色。论述了甲烷氧化与氨氧化过程的微生物学机制,甲烷氧化菌和氨氧化菌的群落结构变化,分析了甲烷氧化菌和氨氧化菌在碳、氮循环以及它们在控制重要温室气体排放中的环境功能,阐述了甲烷氧化菌和氨氧化菌的关联作用机制。以期深入揭示甲烷氧化菌与氨氧化菌的空间分异与耦合机制,为深入探讨这类微生物的生态机制和环境功能提供科学线索。     

杭州单体钢架大棚风灾时空特征

基于杭州国家基准气候站1951-2018年大风逐日资料和经过质控后的373个自动气象站2014-2018年小时极大风速资料,采用MK方法和平均值法,分析杭州建站以来的大风年际变化规律和近5年不同风力等级风的空间分布特征,结合单体钢架大棚风灾等级指标和设施大棚第3次农业普查的乡镇级数据,提出农业发展建议.研究结果表明:造...