公共建筑运营企业温室气体排放核算方法探讨

本文从完整性的角度提出了中国公共建筑运营企业温室气体排放核算方法,进行了案例分析,并对其在中国未来碳排放交易市场中的应用提出了建议。研究表明,公共建筑运营企业排放核算主要采用活动数据法,核算范围包括化石燃料燃烧排放、逸散型排放、新种植树木的排放抵消、外购电力和热力的排放。案例分析表明,电力和热力引起的排放占88.32%;制冷剂逸散排放、灭火器使用引起的排放、化粪池CH₄的排放、树木吸收的CO₂（即排放量为负值）占比都较小;汽车移动源的排放占11.99%,是否应纳入主要依据核算排放量的用途。对中国未来碳排放交易市场,公共建筑物排放的核算范围,初期仅考虑化石燃料燃烧排放、外购电力和热力的排放是合理的。     

江汉平原不同稻作模式下温室气体排放特征

采用静态箱-气相色谱法在江汉平原开展早稻、晚稻、中稻、虾稻和再生稻5种稻作类型温室气体排放监测试验,研究不同稻作模式下稻田CH4和N2O排放特征、总增温潜势及温室气体排放强度,为准确评估稻田生态系统温室气体排放提供参考依据。结果表明：CH4排放集中在水稻前期淹水阶段,排放峰值最高为虾稻（85.7 mg·m-2·h-1）,较其他稻作模式高71.7%~191.5%。N2O排放峰值主要出现于中期晒田和施肥阶段,排放峰值最高为再生稻（1100.7 μg·m-2·h-1）,较其他稻作模式高16.8%~654.9%。CH4累积排放量从大到小依次为虾稻、再生稻、早稻、晚稻、中稻;N2O累积排放量从大到小依次为再生稻、早稻、晚稻、中稻、虾稻;总增温潜势从大到小依次为虾稻、再生稻、早稻、晚稻、中稻;温室气体排放强度从大到小依次为虾稻、早稻、再生稻、晚稻、中稻。CH4排放占比为82.9%~99.0%,稻虾田高排放主要原因为持续淹水时间长、秸秆还田和饲料投入,探究该模式CH4减排举措最为关键;中稻由于水旱轮作,稻田温室气体排放最低,可作为低碳减排的主要稻作类型。     

Stratospheric Temperature Changes and Ozone Recovery in the 21st Century

Increasing greenhouse gases and likely ozone recovery will be the two most important factors influencing changes in stratospheric temperatures in the 21st century. The radiative effect of increasing greenhouse gases will cause cooling in the stratosphere, while ozone recovery will lead to stratospheric warming. To investigate how stratospheric temperatures change under the two opposite forcings in the 21st century, we use observed ozone and reanalysis data as well as simulation results from four coupled oceanic and atmo- spheric general circulation models （GISS-ER, GFDL-CM20, NCAR-CCSM3, and UKMO-HadCM3） used in the IPCC （Intergovernment Panel for Climate Change） Fourth Assessment Report （AR4）. Observational analysis shows that total column ozone and lower stratospheric temperatures all show increasing in the past 10 years, while middle stratospheric temperatures demonstrate cooling. IPCC AR4 simulations show that greenhouse forcing alone will lead to stratospheric cooling. However, with forcing of both increasing greenhouse gases and ozone recovery, the middle stratosphere will be cooled, while the lower stratosphere will be warmed. Warming magnitudes vary from one model to another. UKMO-HadCM3 generates relatively strong warming for all three greenhouse scenarios, and warming extends to 40 hPa. GFDL-CM20 and NCAR-CCSM3 produce weak warming, and warming mainly exists at lower levels, below about 60 hPa. In addition, we also discuss the effect of temperature changes on ozone recovery.     

Column abundance and the long-term trend of hydrogen chloride (HCl) above the Jungfraujoch Station

The integrated column amount of hydrogen chloride has been monitored above the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) during the last 8 years. The results deduced from solar absorption measurements near 3.42 m indicate a secular trend equivalent to (0.75±0.2) % increase per year since 1978, superimposed on a significant short-term variability which can be partly attributed to the tropospheric component of the total HCl burden. Based on an intensified set of measurements carried out over the last three years, a seasonal component in the total content of HCl has been established for the first time, showing a minimum occuring in early winter and a maximum during the spring.     

半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究

静态箱一气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明,内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,而是CH4的汇.在植物生长不同季节,草原生态系统排放/吸收温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同,其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征.3种温室气体的季节排放/吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融和降雨较为集中时期.所有草原植物生长季节CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值,夜间出现排放高值.较高的温度有利于CO2排放,地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低.影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和供氧状况,日温变化则主要影响日变化强度.吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关,相关系数均在0.4～0.6之间.自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低,同时使N2O和CH4年度排放/吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加.     

模式气候的球谐谱分析

对模拟的气候场用球谐函数作波谱分析,得到了全球500hPa高度和海平面气压在不同截断时的波谱特征以及由CO2倍增(2×CO2)引起的流场变化。与用经验正交函数(EOF)对模式气候作分析不同,球谐波谱分析能清晰显示大气波动的物理图像,尤其是全球大气低频波。另外,试图通过分析2×CO2和1×CO2时的模拟环流,解释造成全球增暖的环流背景特征。       

温室气体星载被动遥感探测载荷研究进展

应对CO₂和CH₄等温室气体含量增加导致的全球气候变暖问题,促进碳减排已成为全球共识。建立完善的碳监测体系,利用星载平台进行被动遥感探测是当前温室气体观测的主要手段之一。本文以在轨成功应用的星载被动遥感探测载荷3种技术体制为基线,介绍了有效载荷的仪器指标,分析比较了各种技术的优缺点,结合未来温室气体探测计划,总结了温室气体星载被动遥感探测的发展趋势。将高分五号卫星大气主要温室气体监测仪在轨表现与新型干涉成像光谱技术相结合,分析其在高光谱分辨、高信噪比基础上进一步实现高空间分辨率的可行性,为研制具有实时动态、不同细分程度区域的碳监测能力的下一代温室气体载荷提供可能。     

金在气相中迁移与有机质演化生烃关系的实验研究

火山喷气沉积物中微米级金的发现、化探地气测量检测出金等现象表明 ,在自然界金可在气相内存在。但是金以何种形式存在及其迁移机理尚待探讨。本项研究选取并制备了有地质意义的含硫有机金属化合物———烷基硫醇衍生纳米金 ,将其添加至含有机物质的自然样品中 ,在专门设计的真空加热装置中用泡塑收集其在不同温度条件下的气相产物 ,分析对比实验中产生的气相带出金的含量和气体成分 ,并与金的氯金酸水溶液作用过的样品进行对比。模拟与有机质密切相关的金在气相中迁移的地质过程。实验结果表明 ,含十二烷基硫醇衍生纳米金样品及其纯物质在升高温度条件下的气相产物带出金高于同样条件下用氯金酸处理过的含金样品。金的迁移与升高温度时产生的烃类气体有关。该实验为与有机质演化生烃有关的金气相迁移成矿过程提供了实验依据 ,由于十二烷基硫醇衍生纳米金中纳米金团簇是稳定存在于烷基硫醇结构内 ,因而实验也说明了金的纳米簇团迁移与有机质之间的密切关联。与有机质及其气相演化产物密切相关的金的气相迁移 ,是金在自然界呈气相迁移的重要形式之一。     

Energy sector policies in Botswana and their implications for global climate change

Like most African countries, Botswana contributes almost insignificantly to global greenhouse emissions (GHGs). In this context, some have argued that energy policy and legislative measures to regulate emissions in Botswana should not be accorded high priority. This is a misguided view when one considers that each country, no matter how under-industrialized, contributes to the overall global emission problem. Moreover, the least developed countries will have to industrialize in order to meet the increasing economic and social needs of their growing populations. For rapidly growing economies like Botswana, whose annual energy demand is projected to increase by about 4% for the next ten years, the importance of compiling accurate inventories of sources and sinks of GHGs and formulating environmentally-friendly policies can hardly be over- emphasized. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides the ideal basis for the country-by-country investigations and management of global climatic change; specifically its nature, properties, directionality, characteristics and probable consequences. Botswana was a founding signatory of UNFCCC in 1992 and ratified the Convention in 1994. The country is also involved in regional cooperation efforts, within the Southern African Development Community, to enforce regulatory mechanisms to minimize GHG emissions from the energy sector. There exist certain energy-related institutions, policies, and regulations in the country which could mitigate the impact of GHG emissions on global warming. This paper, based on government and other relevant documentation, critically analyses Botswana's energy sector policies in as far as they affect climate change. It is clear that much still needs to be done about energy policies in terms of proper formulation, monitoring, co-ordination, energy pricing and the exploration of energy alternatives to mitigate potentially negative impacts on climate change.     

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.