半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究

静态箱一气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明,内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,而是CH4的汇.在植物生长不同季节,草原生态系统排放/吸收温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同,其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征.3种温室气体的季节排放/吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融和降雨较为集中时期.所有草原植物生长季节CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值,夜间出现排放高值.较高的温度有利于CO2排放,地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低.影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和供氧状况,日温变化则主要影响日变化强度.吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关,相关系数均在0.4～0.6之间.自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低,同时使N2O和CH4年度排放/吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加.     

Modeling the impacts of policy interventions from REDD+ in Southeast Asia: A case study in Indonesia

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and enhancing “removals of greenhouse gas emissions by forests” in developing countries through positive incentives is regarded as an essential component of the post-2012 climate regime for stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions and an important way of engaging developing countries in global mitigation efforts. We aimed to evaluate the potential effectiveness of REDD+ by integrating it into a land use option framework. One of our goals was to develop scenarios for evaluating the impacts of land use changes on carbon and environmental processes. In addition, we aimed to quantify the potential economic benefits to society of compensated reductions and to identify hotspots for applying REDD+. Three land use change scenarios were examined: (I) business as usual (BAU), (II) economic development, and (III) REDD+. A case study in Indonesia was examined using these land use scenarios and policy interventions, evaluating their effects on carbon emissions, socioeconomics, and environmental features of a spatial system using land use models. Significant emissions and water erosion reductions were predicted to be achieved under the REDD+ scenario, due to reduced deforestation of <6% over the next decade; >0.14 Mt CO₂e reduction was predicted relative to the BAU scenario. Furthermore, the spatial land use model indicated that REDD+ payments of forest carbon credits in the compliance market would play a key role in compensating rural communities and plantation companies for their opportunity cost in ending deforestation. This study provides an example of integrating land use modeling with a scenario analysis framework to evaluate plausible future forecasts and to evaluate the potential impacts of REDD+.     

低温寡照天气形势及温室蔬菜致灾环境

统计了河北省1998～2007年11月至翌年3月所出现的低温寡照过程,应用聚类分析方法,对重度低温寡照的欧亚范围内的逐日高空环流格点图进行分类。得出秋末至春初季节,造成河北省长时间连阴（雪或雾）天气的高空500hPa环流形势主要有冷低压型、低槽型和欧亚高压脊型3种类型。以2001年1月的低温寡照过程为例,分析了长时间连阴（雪或雾）天气下日光温室内的致灾环境及蔬菜表现。     

温室气体稳定浓度情景下中国地区温度和降水变化

 利用参与IPCC第四次评估报告（AR4）的多个全球气候系统模式的输出结果,着重分析了2101-2198年温室气体浓度稳定在720 mL/m3和550 mL/m3水平时（S 720和S 550情景）,中国地区地表温度与降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：1) 当温室气体浓度稳定不变时,22世纪中国地表温度仍将呈上升趋势,增温幅度为0.4℃/100a,但升温趋势平缓,幅度明显小于SRES A1B（中等排放）和B1（低排放）情景,冬、春季增温显著且高纬地区增温明显大于低纬地区,夏、秋季次之,因此季节间的温差将会变小;2) S 720（S 550）情景下年平均降水增加幅度基本稳定在11%（8%）左右,冬季降水增加显著,且增幅从南向北逐渐增大,春季次之,夏、秋季大部分地区降水将减少10%～30%。     

桂南地区春季三连栋塑料大棚小气候特征分析

通过对桂南地区春季三连栋塑料大棚内外的光、温、湿特征进行观测分析,结果表明:棚内透光率很低,仅为40%～48%,多云天气相对最高,阴天最低,棚内透光率低对降低地温影响明显,使晴天及多云天气在温度较高的10～16时前后地温出现"温度逆转"现象,最大降幅超过7℃,但对气温影响不明显;棚内日平均气温增温0.9～2.1℃,晴天最大,阴天最小;棚内各土层平均增温值随土深而增大,20cm处增温最大,达3.0～4.4℃,但晴天与多云天气棚内地表0cm出现负增温,晴天高达2.4℃,多云天为0.2℃,10～16时最大降幅达6～12℃;多云天与阴天日平均相对湿度棚内均高于棚外4%～6%,晴天无差异,但增湿效果在各时次分布极不均匀.文章还通过数理分析,建立了棚内外150cm光照与气温相关方程.     

Distributions of O3, CO and NMHCs over the rural sites in central India

The surface level measurements of O₃, CO, CH₄ and light NMHCs were made at eight different rural sites in the central part of India during February, 2004. The online analyzer was used for in-situ measurement of O₃ while air samples were collected for the analyses of CO, CH₄ and NMHCs using the gas chromatography techniques. The average mixing ratios of O₃, which were in the range of 60–90 ppbv, are significantly higher compared to the typical values reported for urban sites of India. The increase rates of O₃ in the forenoon hours were estimated to be in the range of about 8.8–10 ppbv h⁻¹. The slopes of ∆O₃/∆CO, which is an indicator of the efficiency of photochemical production, were in the range of 0.24–0.33 ppbv ppbv⁻¹. However, levels of primary pollutants e.g., NMHCs, CO, etc. at these sites were much lower than urban sites, but higher compared to previously observed values surrounding marine region of India. The estimated ratios of NMHCs and CO indicate fossil fuel combustion process as the dominant source of primary pollutants in this corridor.     

Emission characteristic of ozone related trace gases at a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic plain using inter-correlations

Measurements of surface O₃, CO, NO_x and light NMHCs were made during December 2004 at Hissar, a semi-urban site in the state of Haryana in north-west region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The night-time O₃ values were higher when levels of CO, NO and NO₂ were lower but almost zero values were observed during the episodes of elevated mixing ratios of CO (above 2000 ppbv) and NO_x (above 50 ppbv). Slopes derived from linear fits of O₃ versus CO and O₃ versus NO_x scatter plots were also negative. However, elevated levels of O₃ were observed when CO and NO_x were in the range of 200–300 ppbv and 20–30 ppbv, respectively. Slope of CO-NO_x of about 33 ppbv/ppbv is much larger than that observed in the US and Europe indicating significant impact of incomplete combustion processes emitting higher CO and lesser NO_x. Correlations and ratios of these trace gases including NMHCs show dominance of recently emitted pollutants mostly from biomass burning at this site.     

黄土高原半干旱区日光温室黄瓜霜霉病发生发展的气象条件分析

从气象角度入手,对地处黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区的日光温室小气候状况进行监测分析,得出室内不同高度(1.5、1.0、0.5 m)的温、湿度有所差异:高层1.5 m温度相对较高而湿度较小,反之,低层0.5 m温度较低而湿度较大,这样,在高层形成了高温低湿的微环境,而在低层形成了低温高湿的微环境。黄瓜整个生育期,温室内日温度维持在12~23.5℃左右,低层相对湿度都在77.3%以上。另外,病害调查结果显示:从苗期开始就有黄瓜霜霉病的发生,一直到结瓜期都较严重,且植株下层的发病程度高于上层。因此,得出霜霉病发生发展的适宜气象条件:低温(12~23.5℃)高湿(>83%)有利于其发生。最后提出适合该地区温室的病害综合防治措施。     

公共建筑运营企业温室气体排放核算方法探讨

本文从完整性的角度提出了中国公共建筑运营企业温室气体排放核算方法,进行了案例分析,并对其在中国未来碳排放交易市场中的应用提出了建议。研究表明,公共建筑运营企业排放核算主要采用活动数据法,核算范围包括化石燃料燃烧排放、逸散型排放、新种植树木的排放抵消、外购电力和热力的排放。案例分析表明,电力和热力引起的排放占88.32%;制冷剂逸散排放、灭火器使用引起的排放、化粪池CH₄的排放、树木吸收的CO₂（即排放量为负值）占比都较小;汽车移动源的排放占11.99%,是否应纳入主要依据核算排放量的用途。对中国未来碳排放交易市场,公共建筑物排放的核算范围,初期仅考虑化石燃料燃烧排放、外购电力和热力的排放是合理的。     

Origin of light volatile hydrocarbon gases in mud volcano fluids, Gulf of Cadiz — Evidence for multiple sources and transport mechanisms in active sedimentary wedges

Widespread mud volcanism across the thick (≤ 14 km) seismically active sedimentary prism of the Gulf of Cadiz is driven by tectonic activity along extensive strike–slip faults and thrusts associated with the accommodation of the Africa–Eurasia convergence and building of the Arc of Gibraltar, respectively. An investigation of eleven active sites located on the Moroccan Margin and in deeper waters across the wedge showed that light volatile hydrocarbon gases vented at the mud volcanoes (MVs) have distinct, mainly thermogenic, origins. Gases of higher and lower thermal maturities are mixed at Ginsburg and Mercator MVs on the Moroccan Margin, probably because high maturity gases that are trapped beneath evaporite deposits are transported upwards at the MVs and mixed with shallower, less mature, thermogenic gases during migration. At all other sites except for the westernmost Porto MV, δ¹³C–CH₄ and δ²H–CH₄ values of ~ − 50‰ and − 200‰, respectively, suggest a common origin for methane; however, the ratio of CH₄/(C₂H₆ + C₃H₈) varies from ~ 10 to > 7000 between sites. Mixing of shallow biogenic and deep thermogenic gases cannot account for the observed compositions which instead result mainly from extensive migration of thermogenic gases in the deeply-buried sediments, possibly associated with biodegradation of C₂₊ homologues and secondary methane production at Captain Arutyunov and Carlos Ribeiro MVs. At the deep-water Bonjardim, Olenin and Carlos Ribeiro MVs, generation of C₂₊-enriched gases is probably promoted by high heat flux anomalies which have been measured in the western area of the wedge. At Porto MV, gases are highly enriched in CH₄ having δ¹³C–CH₄ ~ − 50‰, as at most sites, but markedly lower δ²H–CH₄ values < − 250‰, suggesting that it is not generated by thermal cracking of n-alkanes but rather that it has a deep Archaeal origin. The presence of petroleum-type hydrocarbons is consistent with a thermogenic origin, and at sites where CH₄ is predominant support the suggestion that gases have experienced extensive transport during which they mobilized oil from sediments ~ 2–4 km deep. These fluids then migrate into shallower, thermally immature muds, driving their mobilization and extrusion at the seafloor. At Porto MV, the limited presence of petroleum in mud breccia sediments further supports the hypothesis of a predominantly deep microbial origin of CH₄.