台风作用下的港湾型潮滩沉积过程 以2008年“凤凰”台风对福建省罗源湾的影响为例

通过对"凤凰"台风的现场观测和沉积物样品的分析,结果表明,在台风影响下潮水淹没时间增长,增水达1.1 m;台风期间互花米草盐沼内流速变化较复杂,而且盐沼内部流速大于盐沼边缘的;台风期间盐沼边缘潮周期平均悬沙含量是台风前2 d的7倍;台风期间十分之一波高最大为1.54 m。滩面重复测量结果显示,台风登陆期间整个光滩滩面都发生了侵蚀,盐沼内部有部分地区发生侵蚀,侵蚀深度为4.5~5.5 cm,盐沼边缘的侵蚀深度仅为0.7 cm,侵蚀原因主要是植被在风浪作用下从根部折断,从而带走了滩面的沉积物;随着台风强度的减弱,整个滩面均接受悬沙沉降;台风带来的强降雨是影响滩面沉积物活动的重要因素。     

Nitrification in Kochi backwaters

Nitrification rates, as oxidation of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium and loss of nitrite from N-Serve treated samples, were measured in Kochi backwaters during three seasons. Nitrification rates ranged from undetectable to 166 nmol N L⁻¹ h⁻¹ in the water column and up to 17 nmol N (g wet wt)⁻¹ h⁻¹ in sediments. Nitrification rates were higher in intermediate salinities than in either freshwater or seawater end. Within this salinity range, nitrification rates could be related to ammonium concentrations. As shown by the relation between ammonification and nitrification rates, it is also likely that nitrification is more regulated by renewal rates, rather than by in situ concentrations, of substrate. Among other environmental parameters, temperature and pH may have an influence on nitrification. Potential nitrification rates calculated from loss of nitrite from N-Serve treated, nitrite-enriched samples were about 800 nmol N L⁻¹ h⁻¹ in the water column and 40 nmol N (g wet wt)⁻¹ h⁻¹ in sediments. While these rates are in balance with those of biological ammonium production they may be inadequate to mitigate ammonium pollution in this estuary.     

利用臭氧氧化发光光谱特征检测水质污染

利用不同的污染物质在被臭氧氧化时发光特性不同的原理检测水质污染。检测出来的发光光谱与不同污染源的特征光谱进行对比,辅助发光时序等特征,检测几种污染物的含量和确定污染源。对涉及的有关技术问题进行了探讨。     

水声学方法对黄河口水下底坡失稳现象研究

对黄河三角洲东北部地区的高分辨率水声学资料进行了综合研究。根据所记录的破坏土体变形程度、运动产生的平面形状和地貌特征形态,对土体失稳过程进行分类：浅表土体变形、塌陷凹坑、滑坡和沉积物重力流。结果表明：（１）浅表土体形变的变形程度最低,出现在研究区斜坡上部平滑海底,主要为绳网状泄水构造和表层拉张裂隙。（２）塌陷凹坑在研究区内广泛出现,是局部土体液化后发生了垂直沉降的结果。（３）滑坡多发生在水下斜坡的中上部,由弧形塌陷区、狭窄的冲沟通道和负地形沉积物堆积区组成。滑坡陡坎后缘发现拉张裂隙。（４）沉积物重力流是土体发生变形程度最大,搬运距离最长的土体破坏变形形式。局部区域多次受到沉积物重力流切割和充填作用。     

Numerical modeling study of mineralization induced by methane cold seep at the sea bottom

In order to investigate the response of authigenic minerals to gas hydrate geo-systems, the biogeochemical processes and its induced mineralization were predicted by employing the comprehensive reactive transport modeling approach. Based on the available data extracted from the northern continental slope area of the South China Sea, a 1-D vertical column model was developed. Three cases with different upward methane flux rates and three cases with different mineral compositions, i.e., a total of six cases were designed to investigate the effects of variations in the depth of sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ) and in the mineral composition on the formation of authigenic minerals. The simulation results indicate that the SMTZ depth influenced by both the upward methane flux rate and the initial composition played an important role in the formation of authigenic minerals. The AOM reaction is intensive at the interface, and the precipitation amount of calcite is large, which is mainly controlled by AOM. When the methane leakage rate is 20 times higher than the base case, aragonite starts to precipitate. During the simulation, oligoclase, k-feldspar, smectite-Na, smectite-Ca, chlorite dissolved. Our study specific to this area as a starting point may provide a quantitative approach for investigating carbonate and pyrite formation in hydrate-bearing sediments accounting for methane oxidation and sulfate reduction. The method presented here and the model built in this study can be used for other sites with similar conditions. In addition, this study may serve as an indication for the potential natural gas hydrate reservoir in depth, and is also significant for marine carbon and sulfur cycle.     

南海东沙东北部甲烷缺氧氧化作用的生物标志化合物及其碳同位素组成

南海东沙东北部碳酸盐岩和泥质沉积物中的生物标志化合物组合及其碳同位素组成分析表明,研究区内甲烷缺氧氧化作用(anaerobic oxidation of methane-AOM)发育.研究区内碳酸盐岩中含丰富的AOM标志化合物,2,6,11,15-四甲基十六烷(Crocetane-Cr.)、2,6,10,15,19-五甲基番茄烷(Pentamethylicosane-PMI)和2,6,10,15,19,23-六甲基二十四烷(Squalane-Sq角鲨烷)的13C亏损强烈(δ13C值介于-74.2‰~-119.0‰PDB之间),表明碳酸盐岩形成于AOM,同时反映该研究区曾发生过强烈、持续的富CH₄流体释放活动.柱状泥质沉积物中,AOM生物标志化合物在硫酸岩-甲烷过渡带(SMI-Sulfate-Methane Interface)边界附近相对丰度高,SMI之上样品中含量低,或未检出,表明现代环境在SMI附近有大量嗜甲烷微生物生长,使得深部上升的甲烷被大量消耗,很少有甲烷逸出海底.AOM生物标志化合物可用来指示SMI边界.不同站位、不同岩性AOM生物标志化合物组成(包括碳同位素组成)的差异反映了嗜甲烷古细菌组成的不同.     

甲烷流体活动与沉积物中碳、氮同位素组成响应——南海东北部海洋IV号地区研究

南海东沙群岛东北部海洋IV号地区GC16站重力柱状沉积物中的有机碳、总氮,以及自生碳酸盐岩矿物的无机碳同位素组成分析结果表明,甲烷流体活动区硫酸盐甲烷转换带(SMTZ—sulfate methane transition zone)是重要的生物地球化学界面,该带内沉积物中有机碳、氮与无机碳同位素组成变化明显。GC16站SMTZ上界面以下的沉积物中有机碳、氮同位素组成分别比其上的沉积物负偏1.4‰PDB和0.93‰,反映该带内甲烷缺氧氧化作用(AOM—anaerobic oxidation of methane)与氨氧化作用发育。无机碳同位素组成表明SMTZ界面之下沉积物中的自生碳酸盐岩矿物为以微生物为媒介的甲烷驱动成因,地质历史时期(至柱状沉积物底部沉积时期)曾发生过2次较强烈的CH₄流体活动;目前该区甲烷流体活动较弱,甲烷流体影响深度与SMTZ上界面一致,未能到达海底。     

Oil dispersal modelling: reanalysis of the Rena oil spill using open-source modelling tools

ABSTRACT

Oil spill forecast modelling is typically used immediately after a spill to predict oil dispersal and promote mobilisation of more effective response operations. The aim of this work was to map oil dispersal after the grounding of the MV Rena on Astrolabe Reef and to verify the results against observations. Model predictions were broadly consistent with observed distribution of oil contamination. However, some hot spots of oil accumulation, likely due to surf-zone and rip current circulation, were not well represented. Additionally, the model was run with 81 differing wind conditions to show that the events occurring during the grounding represented the typical likely behaviour of an oil spill on Astrolabe Reef. Oil dispersal was highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns; more accurate prediction would require better observations of local wind patterns. However, comparison of predictions with observations indicated that the GNOME model was an effective low-cost approach.     

于多道包络能量叠加的微地震事件自动识别方法

地面监测的微地震数据主要包含两个部分:人工形成的射孔数据和压力诱发的微地震数据.从微地震监测理论出发,微地震事件准确识别直接影响微地震信号初至拾取的精度.针对常规微地震信号初至拾取方法存在漏检及误检的弊端,提出了多道包络能量叠加技术的微地震事件自动识别方法.针对存在射孔数据的情况,详细论述了多道包络能量叠加技术的微地震事件自动识别方法的过程,采用模拟数据证明了基于射孔信号的微地震事件自动识别方法的可靠性.其次,采用一系列微地震正演模拟数据进行大量实验,验证基于多道包络能量叠加技术的微地震事件自动识别方法的可靠性.最后,通过实际微震压裂数据验证了新方法的可行性与正确性.     

CTBTO国际数据中心地震数据处理软件研究进展

全球台网地震震相有效关联与快速精确定位是地震监测和禁核试核查的核心问题之一。禁核试条约组织（CTBTO）筹备委员会临时技术秘书处（PTS）国际数据中心（IDC）自成立以来,一直致力于台网震相自动关联有效率及自动处理公报质量的提高,以减轻分析员的工作量。NET-VISA作为IDC下一代全球震相自动关联和事件检测定位软件,使用概率模型和贝叶斯方法找到解释检测观测结果的最佳事件集,进而从这些观测结果中生成自动处理地震公报。测试结果表明,NET-VISA产生的公报要比IDC目前使用的全球关联方法生成的自动处理公报SEL3更加完整和精准。本文介绍了NET-VISA方法的基本原理和测试进展,最后对CTBT北京国家数据中心参加NET-VISA测试中朝鲜6次核试验的NET-VISA关联结果作了分析对比。