EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF HEC-6 RIVER MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL

Only comparatively few experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of the HEC-6 river morphological model. The model was developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the US Army Corps of Engineers. In this study, experiments were carried out in a 20 m long concrete flume 0.6 m wide with varying rectangular cross-sections. The channel bed is paved with uniform sand of D₅₀ = 0.9 mm and D₉₀ = 1.2 mm within the test reach of 12 m. Two types of experiments were carried out with sediment transport, one under steady uniform flow and another under steady non-uniform flow conditions. Nine steady uniform flow experiments were carried out to compare the measured equilibrium relationship of flow and sediment transport rate with two bedload formulae, namely, Du Boys and Meyer–Peter and Muller, and with three total load formulae, namely, Toffaleti, Laursen and Yang. It was found that even though the sediment transport consists of a certain portion of bedload, the total load formulae give satisfactory results and better agreement than the two bedload formulae. Five steady non-uniform flow experiments were carried out under various conditions of varying bed profile and channel width and also with sediment addition and withdrawal. The measured transient water surface and bed profiles are compared with the computed results from the HEC-6 model. It was found that the Toffaleti and Yang total load formulae used in the HEC-6 model give the most satisfactory prediction of actual bed profiles under various conditions of non-uniform flow and sediment transport. The effects of Manning's n, variations of sediment inflow, various sediment transport formulae, sediment grain size and the model numerical parameters, i.e. distance interval Δx and numerical weighting factor, on the computed water surface and bed profiles were determined. It was found that the selection of the sediment transport formulae has the most significant effect on the computed results. It can be concluded that the HEC-6 model can predict satisfactorily a long-term average pattern of local scour and deposition along a channel with either a small abrupt change in geometry or gradually varying cross-sections. However, the accuracy of the model prediction is reduced in the regions where highly non-uniform flow occurs.     

MEASURING AND MODELLING OF SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND RUNOFF GENERATION IN AN AGRICULTURAL LOESSIAL HILLSLOPE

Surface runoff may be generated when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity, or when the soil profile is saturated with water. Indications exist that both types of overland flow may occur in hilly agricultural loess regions. Here, for a loessial hillslope under maize in the southern part of The Netherlands, it was shown, with pressure head and runoff measurements, that Hortonian overland flow occurs during typical summer rain events. Surface runoff was initiated after saturation of the top 5–10 cm of the soil. Deeper in the soil, unsaturated conditions prevailed while runoff took place. Peak runoff discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment occurred a few minutes after peak rainfall intensities were measured. It appeared that SWMS_2D, a two-dimensional water flow model, was capable in simulating observed pressure head changes and runoff. Simulated potential runoff for the transect studied was higher by a magnitude of three than the measured areal average. This indicates effects of surface ponding, and the probable location of this particular transect in a region with high runoff production.     

利用重力和地形观测反演中国及邻区地壳厚度

尝试了直接利用布格重力数据和地形数据反演计算中国及邻区的地壳厚度的方法. 为减小区域不均衡性和重力反演中的不唯一性的影响,本方法利用地表地形起伏修正传统反演方法中的参考深度,并经过多次的迭代使得反演结果逼近真实值. 在此基础上,绘制了中国及邻区1deg;times;1deg;网格的地壳厚度图,对中国及邻区的布格重力异常和莫霍界面的起伏数据进行了相关性分析, 其相关性系数为-0.993. 其地形起伏与莫霍界面的起伏之间也呈现出了海、陆不同的线性相关,其相关系数分别为0.96和0.91. 相关性计算结果显示,重力数据揭示的大陆和海洋的交界大致为水下800 m. 为了探讨地球曲率对该算法可能的影响, 还分别计算了分区反演以及整体区域反演两种模式,研究发现两者得到的地壳厚度偏差在5km以内,并分析了可能产生偏差的原因. 比较本文结果与地震测深及其它研究结果表明,独立使用布格重力异常和地形数据,能较为可靠地反演出中国及邻区地壳厚度.      

青海驼路沟钴(金)矿床成矿物质来源的黄铁矿氦氩硫铅同位素示踪

为查明青海驼路沟新型独立钴(金)矿床的成因和成矿物质来源,文章对矿区发育的块状、条带状和浸染状黄铁矿矿石进行了黄铁矿流体包裹体氦氩同位素和黄铁矿硫、铅同位素测试。结果表明,不同类型矿石的成矿流体氦、氩同位素组成基本一致,3He/4He介于0.10~0.31Ra(平均0.21Ra),40Ar/36Ar比值为302~569(平均373),反映钴矿化流体主要来源于在赋矿岩系中深循环的大气降水;矿石黄铁矿硫同位素值分布集中且接近于零,δ34S变化于-4.5‰~+1.5‰,集中在-1.8‰~-0.2‰,显示深部来源;矿石铅以高放射性成因为特征(206Pb/204Pb>19.279、207Pb/204Pb>15.691、208Pb/204Pb>39.627),且自地层围岩→区域早古生代火山岩→矿石依次明显增大,可能指示高放射性成因矿石铅主要是由以深循环大气降水来源为主的热液不断从围岩地层中淋取而来。     

云南白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床铂族元素地球化学及其对矿床成因的制约

采用镍硫火试金ICP-MS法分析了白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床矿石及其主要围岩铂族元素(PGE)含量,结果表明铂族元素总量(ΣPGE)普遍较低,且ΣPGE由矿床核部的块状矿石(78.15×10-9~555.92×10-9)向外围矿化橄榄岩(6.77×10-9~70.95×10-9)至辉长岩(3.02×10-9)逐步降低。煌斑岩脉岩的ΣPGE也较低,为6.86×10-9~17.03×10-9。ΣPGE与Ni含量呈明显的正相关。不同种类岩石和矿石的PGE原始地幔配分模式明显不同,块状矿石为Pt-Pd配分型,Ir较明显亏损;矿化橄榄岩配分曲线较平坦,IPGE和PPGE分异不明显,但均出现Ru正异常。辉长岩样品和煌斑岩PGE配分模式几乎一致,也均出现明显的Ru正异常。矿石和围岩的Cu/Pd值远高于原始地幔,表明原生岩浆发生了较强的硫化物熔离作用。块状富镍矿石的(Pt+Pd)/(Os+Ir+Ru)和Pd/Ir分别为138.24和24.7,指示其母岩浆为演化较为彻底的玄武质岩浆,而矿化橄榄岩的相应值分别为3.02和16.09,具有科马提质岩浆的特征参数,因此白马寨块状矿石和矿化橄榄岩之间可能没有成因联系。块状硫化物熔体侵位前,其母岩浆经历过长时间强烈的硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔浆作为独立的侵入相而侵入于III号岩体核部。这个过程反映了峨眉山地幔柱尾部岩浆演化和成矿可能经历过高度的S饱和过程。白马寨矿床形成过程中可能受到地壳物质的混染。     

当代中国城镇体系地域空间结构类型定量研究

当代中国城市的地域空间分布并不具有随机性分布特征,过去运用泊松方程规定的随机分布模型对城镇体系地域空间结构定量划分存在一定的局限性。借助牛顿引力学方程对随机分布模型进行改进,构建城市空间分布的引力模型,利用2002年数据,以省级行政区为基本空间单元,对中国城镇体系地域空间结构类型进行定量研究,得出6个块状组团式城市聚集区、10个条状组团式城市聚集区和8个以大城市为核心的城市群的结构特征,其中东部省区以多核心多组团式的城市块状聚集区为主,中部省区以单中心单组团式的条状聚集区为主,西部省区以大城市为核心的城市群为主。东、中、西三大地带城市发育水平差别较大,梯度现象较为明显。     

平缓地区地形湿度指数的计算方法

地形湿度指数( topographic wetness index) 可定量模拟流域内土壤水分的干湿状况, 在流域 的土壤及分布式水文模型等研究中具有重要的意义。但现有的地形湿度指数计算方法在应用于 地形平缓地区时会得到明显不合理的结果, 即在河谷地区内, 地形湿度指数仅在狭窄的汇水线上 数值较高, 而在汇水线以外的位置则阶跃式地变为异常低的地形湿度指数值。本文针对此问题对 地形湿度指数的计算方法提出改进: 以多流向算法MFD- fg 计算汇水面积, 相应地以最大下坡计 算地形湿度指数, 再基于一个正态分布函数对河谷平原地区内的地形湿度指数进行插值处理。应 用结果表明, 所得地形湿度指数的空间分布不但能合理地反映平缓地区坡面上的水分分布状况, 并且在河谷地区内地形湿度指数值也都比较高, 其空间分布呈平滑过渡, 因而整个研究区域的水 分分布状况得到了比较合理的反映。     

Observation on height changes of chinese tide gauges by GPS

IntroductionBecause of global temperature rising and glacierthawing,the sea level has risen about 10-25 cmin the past century[1]. The sea level change isone of the main ai ms in global change monito-ring. Presently the basic tool used in sea levelmonitori…     

流动单元划分新方案及其在临南油田的应用

把沉积学与储层物性相结合, 从流动单元体系的角度出发, 提出了流动单元划分的新方案.在流动单元体系内部划分出流动单元、亚流动单元和渗流区3个不同层次.在储层精细小层对比的基础上, 首先根据区域内连续分布的隔层把储层分成几个独立的流体压力系统, 即流动单元; 然后再根据不连续分布的隔层, 把一个流动单元进一步分成若干个亚流动单元; 最后根据储层物性的差别把流动单元/亚流动单元划分成不同的渗流区.按照这个思路, 选取临南油田的典型高产区块———以三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主的夏52块砂三中段三砂组, 进行了流动单元、亚流动单元和渗流区的划分, 共划分出7个流动单元、7个亚流动单元和63个渗流区, 这样划分出来的流动单元体系同时包括了油藏整体与局部细节的特征, 为油藏开发提供了详细的地质依据, 也在实际应用中取得了良好的效果.      

地表剥蚀、下地壳流变与造山作用研究进展

岩石圈的流变特性研究已经成为固体地球科学研究中的重要领域,是地球科学新理论、新观点的重要渊源。最近的研究表明,下地壳普遍存在的韧性流是造山作用的重要制约因素。在下地壳物质层流变作用机制的调节下,地表剥蚀作用并不仅仅是传统意义上地表夷平的因素,它还能打破地壳动力学和热力学平衡,引起地壳内物质和结构的重置,进而促成山脉的加剧隆升;地表剥蚀作用的强度既受控于造山带的抬升,也受制于地球外圈层(大气圈、水圈、生物圈)。以天山山脉和喜马拉雅山山脉的隆起、喜马拉雅山山脉的变质作用以及相关的构造活动为例,说明在造山过程中,尽管传统意义上的造山作用与地球内部动力过程,即构造作用有密切联系,但是与构造运动的时空尺度不同,地表剥蚀作用也能够在相对较小的时空尺度内,通过影响和控制造山带下地壳的韧性流动,成为地壳抬升和造山带构造演化的重要动力因素。对地壳的流变特性和变质变形研究是当前地球系统科学研究的一个重要切入点。