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81.
Gorazd Žibret 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):189-196
The research shows that in the Celje area (Slovenia), the historical anthropogenical emissions are 1,712 tons of Zn and 9.1 tons
of Cd. For Zn, this value represents approximately 0.3% of the total Zn production in that area. Close to the former zinc
smelting plant, the “Zn precipitation” has been estimated to be up to 0.036 mm. The 100-year Zn production left behind a heavily
contaminated area with maximum concentrations of Zn of up to 5.6% in attic dust and 0.85% in the soil, and 456 mg/kg of Cd
in attic dust and 59.1 mg/kg in the soil. The calculation of historical emissions is based on the data of heavy metals concentration
in the attic dust at 98 sampling points and on the data from 19 measurement sites of the weight of total monthly air deposit.
The main idea behind determining past emissions is that when the weight of the deposited dust on a small area is multiplied
by the concentration of the element in that area, the mass of the polluter which has been transported to the place of interest
by air can be calculated. If we sum up all the weight over the whole geochemical anomaly, we get the quantity of historical
emissions. 相似文献
82.
Marcel Hürlimann Dieter Rickenmann Vicente Medina Allen Bateman 《Engineering Geology》2008,102(3-4):152
Many different runout prediction methods can be applied to estimate the mobility of future debris flows during hazard assessment. The present article reviews the empirical, analytical, simple flow routing and numerical techniques. All these techniques were applied to back-calculate a debris flow, which occurred in 1982 at La Guingueta catchment, in the Eastern Pyrenees. A sensitivity analysis of input parameters was carried out, while special attention was paid to the influence of rheological parameters. We used the Voellmy fluid rheology for our analytical and numerical modelling, since this flow resistance law coincided best with field observations. The simulation results indicated that the “basal” friction coefficients rather affect the runout distance, while the “turbulence” terms mainly influence flow velocity. A comparison of the velocity computed on the fan showed that the analytical model calculated values similar to the numerical ones. The values of our rheological parameters calibrated at La Guingueta agree with data back-calculated for other debris flows. Empirical relationships represent another method to estimate total runout distance. The results confirmed that they contain an important uncertainty and they are strictly valid only for the conditions, which were the basis for their development. With regards to the simple flow routing algorithm, this methods could satisfactorily simulate the total area affected by the 1982 debris flow, but it was not able to directly calculate total runout distance and velocity. Finally, a suggestion on how different runout prediction methods can be applied to generate debris-flow hazard maps is presented. Taking into account the definition of hazard and intensity, the best choice would be to divide the resulting hazard maps into two types: “final hazard maps” and “preliminary hazard maps”. Only the use of numerical models provided final hazard maps, because they could incorporate different event magnitudes and they supplied output-values for intensity calculation. In contrast, empirical relationships and flow routing algorithms, or a combination of both, could be applied to create preliminary hazard maps. The present study only focussed on runout prediction methods. Other necessary tasks to complete the hazard assessment can be looked up in the “Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning” included in this Special Issue. 相似文献
83.
Assessment of disaster resilience capacity of hillslope communities with high risk for geological hazards 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Su-Chin Chen Jhy-Wei Ferng Yu-Ting Wang Ting-Yeh Wu Jieh-Jiuh Wang 《Engineering Geology》2008,98(3-4):86-101
This study presents a novel preparedness assessment method for assessing hazard mitigation and environmental planning of hillslope communities. A professional questionnaire was utilized to weight each indicator. Communities in Hsinchu, Taichung and Nantou counties with debris flow hazards were taken as study samples. Debris flow risk and landslide susceptibility for each community were determined using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and logistic regression analysis. Thus, a novel risk assessment method for evaluating disaster resilience capacity of hillslope communities was established. This method was then applied to assess casualties caused by Typhoon Herb in 1996 and Typhoon Mindulle in 2004. Additionally, the analytical results generated by this assessment method were discussed with the aim of developing references for implementation of risk analysis, increasing the effectiveness of disaster mitigation, and reducing future loss of life and property. 相似文献
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邹平王家庄铜矿床成矿地球化学及成因探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
王家庄铜矿床的矿化脉石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于116 ~ 566 ℃之间,均值为 289 ℃;盐度介于7.2%~63.2% NaCleq,均值为21.1% NaCleq。流体的气相成分主要为H2O和CO2。在均一温度为240 ~ 440 ℃区间内,出现了富气相的两相水溶液包裹体、富液相的两相水溶液包裹体和含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体共存现象,以及加温后富气相包裹体均一到气相和同期富液相包裹体均一到液相的特征,表明成矿流体曾发生过沸腾作用;其中第一次发生于360 ~ 400 ℃,主要形成高温、高盐度含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体和高温、中盐度富液相的两相水溶液包裹体及高温、低盐度富气相的两相水溶液包裹体;第二次发生于240 ~ 320 ℃,主要形成高—中温、高盐度的含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体和高—中温、中盐度富液相的两相水溶液包裹体及高—中温、低盐度富气相的两相水溶液包裹体;之后主要形成富液相的两相水溶液包裹体,具有中低温和中盐度的特征。矿化脉石英中的δ18OH2O介于-1.14‰ ~ 1.79‰之间,均值为0.94‰;δD介于-63.70‰ ~ -56.50‰之间,均值为-59.8‰;说明王家庄铜矿床的成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,后期混入大气降水。矿石矿物的δ34S变化于-8.80‰ ~ -2.80‰之间,均值为-6.33‰。矿石矿物的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)介于18.1684 ~ 18.3637之间,均值为18.2892;n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)介于155546 ~ 156342之间,均值为155777;n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)介于38.1286 ~ 38.4840之间,均值为38.2780。说明矿石具有贫重硫和富放射性成因铅的特征,硫、铅主要来源于深部,后期可能受到地壳物质或大气降水的混染。 相似文献
88.
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90.
中甸红山矽卡岩铜矿稳定同位素特征及其对成矿过程的指示 总被引:9,自引:7,他引:2
红山铜矿床位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧,是在晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个中型规模的矽卡岩矿床.通常,矽卡岩体就是铜矿体或铜矿化体,主要呈似层状、层状、脉状及透镜体状产于大理岩与角岩接触带或局部在角岩中,未见其与侵入岩直接接触.通过对不同成矿阶段所形成的石榴石、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方解石等典型矿物以及大理岩的稳定同位素特征研究,发现矽卡岩的最主要组成矿物石榴石的δ18OSHOW范围为6.2~8.3‰,反映了矽卡岩可能直接继承隐伏斑岩体的氧同位素组成.根据磁铁矿的氧同位素组成(5.5~7.1‰)所计算的磁铁矿化阶段成矿流体的δ18OSHOW为13.1~14.7‰(400℃)或12.5~14.1‰(500℃),暗示有富集δ18O的CO2溶入到成矿流体中.硫化物的δ18SCDT范围4.45~6.20‰,说明矿床具有高度均一的硫源,并且在硫化物的结晶沉淀过程中,流体中硫同位素分馏很弱.由此推测主成矿期成矿流体的δ18S∑S为5.6±0.6‰.矿床中的大理岩的δ13CPDB为2.0~2.2‰,δ18OSMOW为24.0~24.8‰,说明大理岩是由海相碳酸盐岩经重结晶作用而成.成矿晚期阶段形成的方解石脉的δ13C范围是-2.4~1.7‰,δ18OSMOW范围是16.3~22.4%o,表明其C和O主要来源于大理岩.总之,我们推测红山矽卡岩很可能主要是由中酸性岩浆浅成侵位时局部同化碳酸盐围岩所形成的一种富含钙质成分的次生岩浆就位于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩之间的构造薄弱带冷凝固结而成,矽卡岩型矿化与深部斑岩型矿化具有共同的成矿物质和成矿流体来源. 相似文献