哈尔滨沙尘暴的化学特征及其物质源探讨

对哈尔滨2002年3月20日的沙尘沉降物进行了收集。地球化学元素分析表明,哈尔滨沙尘暴沉降物化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3为主,三者之和达77.8%,比兰州沙尘暴沉积物高8.72%,比兰州黄土高7.06%。V、Rb、Nb、Ba等微量元素含量要明显高于兰州沙尘,而Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sr则低于兰州沙尘。Ca、Na、Sr元素的富集因子明显小于1,为亏损元素;Mg、K、Si、Fe、Mn、P、Ti、Co、Ni、V等元素的富集因子都在1左右,主要是地壳来源,来源于地表土的风力起尘。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Se等元素有一部分来自于地壳源之外的其他污染源;As、Cd和Sb元素的富集因子大于10,为大气污染来源。沙尘的化学组成及富集因子、判别函数、物源指数、地表土的粘粒率、化学风化指标等分析表明,西北黄土的元素组成非常接近兰州沙尘,而明显不同于哈尔滨沙尘,哈尔滨沙尘源区不同于西北黄土及兰州沙尘,其气候生物状况和化学风化程度要明显好于或高于西北沙尘源区。     

Lower thermospheric nitric oxide concentrations derived from WINDII observations of the green nightglow continuum at 553.1 nm

Vertical profiles of nitric oxide in the altitude range 90 to 105 km are derived from 553 nm nightglow continuum measurements made with the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The profiles are derived under the assumption that the continuum emission is due entirely to the NO+O air afterglow reaction. Vertical profiles of the atomic oxygen density, which are required to determine the nitric oxide concentrations, are derived from coordinated WINDII measurements of the atomic oxygen OI 557.7 nm nightglow emission. Data coverage for local solar times ranging from 20 h to 04 h, and latitudes ranging from 42°S to 42°N, is achieved by zonally averaging and binning data obtained on 18 nights during a two-month period extending from mid-November 1992 until mid-January 1993. The derived nitric oxide concentrations are significantly smaller than those obtained from rocket measurements of the airglow continuum but they do compare well with model expectations and nitric oxide densities measured using the resonance fluorescence technique on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. The near-global coverage of the WINDII observations and the similarities to the nitric oxide global morphology established from other satellite measurements strongly suggests that the NO+O reaction is the major source of the continuum near 553 nm and that there is no compelling reason to invoke additional sources of continuum emission in this immediate spectral region.     

Meso-scale effects of tropical deforestation in Amazonia: preparatory LBA modelling studies

As part of the preparation for the Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia, a meso-scale modelling study was executed to highlight deficiencies in the current understanding of land surface atmosphere interaction at local to sub-continental scales in the dry season. Meso-scale models were run in 1-D and 3-D mode for the area of Rondonia State, Brazil. The important conclusions are that without calibration it is difficult to model the energy partitioning of pasture; modelling that of forest is easier due to the absence of a strong moisture deficit signal. The simulation of the boundary layer above forest is good, above deforested areas (pasture) poor. The models’ underestimate of the temperature of the boundary layer is likely to be caused by the neglect of the radiative effects of aerosols caused by biomass burning, but other factors such as lack of sufficient entrainment in the model at the mixed layer top may also contribute. The Andes generate patterns of subsidence and gravity waves, the effects of which are felt far into the Rondonian area The results show that the picture presented by GCM modelling studies may need to be balanced by an increased understanding of what happens at the meso-scale. The results are used to identify key measurements for the LBA atmospheric meso-scale campaign needed to improve the model simulations. Similar modelling studies are proposed for the wet season in Rondonia, when convection plays a major role.     

Cooling rate of thermal electrons by electron impact excitation of fine structure levels of atomic oxygen

The atomic oxygen fine structure cooling rate of thermal electrons based on new effective collision strengths for electron impact excitation of the ground-state ³P fine-structure levels in atomic oxygen have been fitted to an analytical expression which is available to the researcher for quick reference and accurate computer modeling with a minimum of calculations. We found that at the F region altitudes of the ionosphere the new cooling rate is much less than the currently used fine structure cooling rates (up to a factor of 2–4), and this cooling rate is not the dominant electron cooling process in the F region of the ionosphere at middle latitudes.     

On the variability of I(7620 Å)/I(5577 Å) in low altitude aurora

An auroral electron excitation model, combined with simple equilibrium neutral and ion chemistry models, is used to investigate the optical emission processes and height profiles of I(5577 Å) and I(7620 Å) in the 90 to 100 km altitude region. It is shown that the apparent discrepancies between ground-based and rocket-borne auroral observations of the I(7620 Å)/I(5577 Å) ratio are due to the extreme height variation of this intensity ratio in the 90 to 100 km region.     

Use of coupled ozone fields in a 3-D circulation model of the middle atmosphere

With a detailed chemistry scheme for the middle atmosphere up to 70 km which has been added to the 3-D Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA), the effects of coupling chemistry and dynamics through ozone are studied for the middle atmosphere. An uncoupled version using an ozone climatology for determining heating rates and a coupled version using on-line ozone are compared in a 10-month integration with meteorological analyses for the winter 1992/93 as the lower boundary condition. Both versions simulate the meteorological situation satisfactorily, but exhibit a too cold lower stratosphere. The on-line ozone differs from the climatological data between 20 and 40 km by exhibiting too high ozone values, whereas in the lower mesosphere the ozone values are too low. The coupled model version is stable and differs only above 40 km significantly from the uncoupled version. Direct heating effects are identified to cause most of the differences. The well-known negative correlation between temperature and ozone is reproduced in the model. As a result, the coupled version slightly approaches the climatological ozone field. Further feedback effects are studied by using the on-line ozone field as a basis for an artificial climatology. For non-disturbed ozone conditions realistic monthly and zonally averaged ozone data are sufficient to determine the heating rates for modelling the middle atmosphere.     

Mountain wave motions determined by the Esrange MST radar

A European campaign of ground-based radar, lidar and optical measurements was carried out during the winter of 1996/1997 (28 December–2 February) to study lee waves in the northern part of Scandinavia. The participants operated ozone lidars, backscatter lidars and MST radars at ALOMAR/Andoya and Esrange/Kiruna, and an ALIS imaging system in Kiruna. The Andoya site was generally windward of the Scandinavian mountains, the Kiruna site on the leeward side. The goal of the experiment was to examine the influence of lee waves on the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). This paper studies the radar data from MST-radar ESRAD located at Esrange [68.°N, 21.°E], i.e. in the lee of the mountains. We present three cases where strong lee waves were observed: in one case they propagated upwards to the lower stratosphere and in the other two cases they were trapped or absorbed in the troposphere. We examine the local waves and the direction and strength of the local wind using the radar, the synoptic meteorological situation using weather maps (European Meteorological Bulletin) and the synoptic stratospheric temperatures using ECMWF data. We observed that waves propagate up to the stratosphere during frontal passages. When anticyclonic ridges are present, the propagation to the stratosphere is very weak. This is due to trapping of the waves at or below the tropopause. We also show that the radar data alone can be used to characterise the different weather conditions for the three cases studied (through the variation of the height of the tropopause). The synoptic stratospheric temperatures in the three cases were similar, and were above the expected threshold for PSC formation. Lidar and visual observation of PSCs and nacreous clouds, respectively, showed that these were present only in the case when the lee waves propagated up to the lower stratosphere.     

外源性生长激素对牙鲆肌肉化学成分的影响

牙鲆经外源性生长激素自理后,对对照组相比,实验组鱼肌肉含水量没有明显性差异,粗蛋白含量提高１２．８％,粗脂肪含量提高１３．２９％,同时还发现肌肉蛋白质氨基酸组成比例没有明显差异,ＲＮＡ含量提高４５．１０％,ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ值升高３７．６３％。     

大亚湾颗粒有机物生化组成研究

对大亚湾海域颗粒有机物（ＰＯＭ）的生化组成与环境因子的关系进行了研究。现场采样调查分别于１９９５年５月和１１月进行,研究结果表明,环境因子对ＰＯＭ生化组成有很大的影响。核电站的运作使大亚湾海域有局部升温现象,温度升高,使经类含量升高。蛋白持含量受无机氮盐含量影响显著,由于大亚湾ＰＯＭ中蛋白质的含量不高,而且大亚湾水域呈贫氮特征,适当增加有该海区无机氮的含量对于提高大亚湾ＰＯＭ的生物营养性具有现实意     

N2-Ar-He systematics and source of ore-forming fluid in Changkeng Au-Ag deposit, central Guangdong, China*

Changkeng Au-Ag deposit is a newly-discovered new type precious metal deposit. N₂-Ar-He systematics studies and³He/⁴He and δD- δ¹⁸O composition analyses show that the ore-forming fluid of the deposit is composed mainly of formation water (sedimentary brine) but not of meteoric water, which was thought to be source of the ore-forming fluid by most previous researchers. The content of mantle-derived magmatic water in the ore-forming fluid is quite low, usually lower than 10%. According to the source of the ore-forming fluid, the Changkeng Au-Ag deposit should belong to sedimentary brine transformed deposits. From the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous Period, with deposition and accumulation of thick sediments in Sanzhou Basin, the formation water in the sedimentary layers was expelled from the basin because of overburden pressure and increasing temperature. The expelled fluid moved laterally along sedimentary layers to the margin of the basin, and finally moved upward along a gently-dipping interlayer fault. Because of a decline in pressure and temperature, ore minerals were deposited in the fault. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 495020291, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhongshan University, the Research Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Metallogenesis in Nanjing University (Grant No. 039704) and the Lingnan Foundation.