应急地理信息集成建模框架技术研究

为了实现快速地分析处理应急测绘地理信息数据,往往需要对不同模型进行集成建模,提出了面向应急测绘的空间集成建模框架,并对其关键技术展开研究。该框架基于案例驱动进行空间集成建模,以服务链形式自动化分析处理应急测绘数据。此外,还提供应急测绘模型耦合校验方法,保证组合方案的可执行性和稳定性。最后以济南市化工厂危化品泄露应急分析原型系统为例,在可计算应急测绘案例库的驱动下,面向应急测绘的空间集成建模框架可以高效地进行应急空间信息服务组合。提出了基于案例驱动的空间信息服务组合方法,实现了组合方案的快速构建。     

Mineralogy of Asteroid 1459 Magnya and implications for its origin

Detailed near-infrared spectral observations of Asteroid 1459 Magnya reveal an asteroid that is primarily composed of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar, confirming earlier suggestions that Magnya has a basaltic composition. The average Magnya spectrum for March 23, 2002 has a Band I center of 0.926 μm and a Band II center of 1.938 μm. Observations over  hours show little variation in band center positions. The feldspar-to-pyroxene ratio is ∼0.6 on Magnya's surface. Comparing Magnya with the spectral parameters from 4 Vesta shows discordant pyroxene chemistries; Magnya's pyroxenes contain ∼10 mol% less Fs than Vesta's pyroxenes. This suggests that Magnya originated from a parent body other than 4 Vesta and that its progenitor formed in a more chemically reduced region of the solar nebula within the asteroid belt.     

Natural tracers in recent groundwaters from different Alpine aquifers

Groundwater with underground residence times between days and a few years have been investigated over more than 20 years from 487 remote sites located in different aquifer types in the Alpine belt. Analysis of the data reveals that groundwaters evolved in crystalline, evaporite, carbonate, molasse, and flysch aquifers can be clearly distinguished based on their major and trace element composition and degree of mineralisation. A further subdivision can be made even within one aquifer type based on the trace element compositions, which are characteristic for the lithologic environment. Major and trace element concentrations can be quantitatively described by interaction of the groundwater with the aquifer-specific mineralogy along the flow path. Because all investigated sites show minimal anthropogenic influences, the observed concentration ranges represent the natural background concentrations and can thus serve as a geo-reference for recent groundwaters from these five aquifer types. This geo-reference is particularly useful for the identification of groundwater contamination. It further shows that drinking water standards can be grossly exceeded for critical elements by purely natural processes.

---

Resumen Durnate más de 20 años se ha investigado aguas subterráneas con una residencia subterránea con una duración de días a varios años en 487 puntos remotos localizados en diferentes tipos de acuíferos en la cadena alpina. El análisis de los datos revela que las aguas subterráneas que han evolucionado dentro de acuíferos cristalinos, evaporíticos, carbonatos, flysch, y molasse se pueden distignuir claramente en base a la composición de sus elementos mayores y marcadores y al grado de minerlización. Asimismo es posible hacer una subdivisión más específica incluso dentro de un tipo de acuífero en base a las composiciones de los elementos marcadores los cuales soncaracterísticos del ambiente litológico. Las concentraciones de los elementos marcadores se pueden describir cuantitativamente por la interacción de las aguas subterráneas con la mineralogía específica del acuífero a lo largo del trayecto del flujo. Puesto qze todos los puntos investigados muestran mínimas influencias antropogénicas, los rangos deconcentraciones observados representan las concentraciones delescenario natural y, por tanto, pueden servir como georeferencia para aguas subterráneas recientes que forman parte de estos cinco tipos de acuíferos. Esta georeferencia es particularmente útil para la identificcación de contaminación de aguas subterráneas. Asimismo muestra que los estándares de agua potable pueden mostrar excesos en elementos críticos por procesos puramente naturales.

---

Résumé Leau souterraine ayant résidé sous la surface du sol entre quelques jours et quelques années a été étudiée sur une période de plus de 20 ans à partir de 487 sites éloignés situés dans différents types daquifères de la ceinture alpine. Lanalyse des données révèle que leau qui a évoluée dans des aquifères cristallins, évaporitiques, carbonatés, molassiques et composés de flysch, peut être facilement différenciée sur la base de sa composition en éléments majeurs et traces, ainsi que par son degré de minéralisation. Une subdivision supplémentaire peut être apportée à lintérieur même dun type daquifère en se basant sur la composition des éléments traces, lesquels sont caractéristiques de lenvironnement lithologique. La concentration en éléments majeurs et traces peut être expliquée quantitativement par linteraction de leau souterraine avec la composition minéralogique spécifique de laquifère le long des lignes découlement. Puisque la majorité des sites étudiés ne montrent que très peu dinfluences anthropogéniques, le registre de concentrations observées représente la concentration de fond naturelle et peut ainsi servir comme géo-référence pour les eaux souterraines récentes dans ces cinq types daquifères. Ces géo-références sont particulièrement utiles pour lidentification de la contamination des eaux souterraines. Par ailleurs, cela démontre que les standards deau potable peuvent être excédés pour certains éléments en raison de processus purement naturels.

     

山东昌乐-临朐火山岩流体包裹体成分研究及其意义

山东昌乐-临朐地区火山岩内的橄榄石和辉石中舍有大量的流体包裹体,流体来源于地幔。采用激光拉曼光谱技术对部分火山岩流体包裹体样品进行分析,获得了包裹体中挥发分的成分和相对含量。结果表明,该区岩浆中舍有大量的CO2和水,CO2是气相包裹体中的主要成分。同时在包裹体内存在H2、CO、H2S、CH4等还原性气体,说明流体来源于还原环境。此外,少量低碳烷烃的出现为天然气无机成因提供了证据。     

Correlation between microbiological and chemical parameters of some hydrothermal springs in New Mexico, USA

Discharge areas of hydrothermal springs are known to be inhabited by diverse types of microorganisms including archaea, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A total of 11 hydrothermal samples from the Rio Grande rift and the Valles caldera in New Mexico were analyzed to investigate the correlation between chemical and microbiological parameters of hydrothermal waters. The sampled fluids are categorized into three chemical groups: (I) steam-condensing acid sulfate waters, (II) deep geothermal and derivative waters and (III) thermal meteoric waters. Analyses of the microbial phospholipid fatty acids and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of DNA show that acid sulfate waters were populated by thermoacidophilic organisms and had high biomass content. Mineralized deep geothermal and derivative waters exhibited a high degree of microbial diversity, but had low biomass content. Thermal meteoric waters are low in total dissolved solids, and exhibit very low biomass content and microbial diversity. DNA sequences from several previously unknown microbial species were detected. The results of this study support the hypothesis that microbes can be used as tracers for specific types of subsurface environments.     

Spinel–cordierite symplectites replacing andalusite: evidence for melt-assisted diapirism in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Spinel–cordierite symplectites partially replacing andalusite occur in metapelitic rocks within the cores of several country rock diapirs that have ascended into the upper levels of layered mafic/ultramafic rocks in the Bushveld Complex. We investigate the petrogenesis of these symplectites in one of these diapirs, the Phepane dome. Petrographic evidence indicates that at conditions immediately below the solidus the rocks were characterized by a cordierite‐, biotite‐ and K‐feldspar‐rich matrix and 5–10 mm long andalusite porphyroblasts surrounded by biotite‐rich fringes. Phase relations in the MnNCKFMASHT model system constrain the near‐solidus prograde path to around 3 kbar and imply that andalusite persisted metastably into the sillimanite + melt field, where the fringing relationship between biotite and andalusite provided spatially restricted equilibrium domains with silica‐deficient effective bulk compositions that focused suprasolidus reaction. MnNCKFMASHT pseudosections that model these compositional domains suggest that volatile phase‐absent melting reactions consuming andalusite and biotite initially produced a moat of cordierite surrounding andalusite; reaction progressed until all quartz was consumed. Spinel is predicted to grow with cordierite at around 720 °C. Formation of the aluminous solid products was strongly controlled by the receding edge of andalusite grains, with symplectites forming at the andalusite‐cordierite moat interface. Decompression due to melt‐assisted diapiric rise of the floor rocks into the overlying mafic/ultramafic rocks occurred close to the thermal peak. Re‐crossing of the solidus at P = 1.5–2 kbar, T > 700 °C resulted in preservation of the symplectites. Two features of the silica‐deficient domains inhibited resorption of spinel. First, the cordierite moat armoured the symplectites from reaction with crystallizing melt in the outer part of the pseudomorphs. Second, an up‐T step in the solidus at low‐P, which may be in excess of 100 °C higher than the quartz‐saturated solidus, resulted in high‐T crystallization of melt on decompression. Even in metapelitic rocks where melt is retained, preservation of spinel is favoured by decompression.     

Geochemistry of natural gases in deep strata of the Songliao Basin, NE China

Chemical composition and stable carbon isotopic studies were undertaken for 27 gas samples from deep strata of the Xujiaweizi Depression in the Songliao Basin to investigate their origin. Gas molecular and carbon isotopic compositions show great variety. Methane is the main component for all studied samples and its content ranges from 57.4% to 98.2% with an average of 90.1%. Gas wetness ranges from 0.8% to 16.7% with an average of 2.7%. The main non-hydrocarbon gases are carbon dioxide and nitrogen with an average of 4.0% and 3.2%, respectively. Carbon isotope data suggest that these deep strata gases are mainly coal-type gases mixed with minor amounts of associated (oil-type) gases. Coal-type gases are characterized by heavier carbon isotopic values and drier chemical compositions. These gases were generated from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation coals interbedded shales with type III kerogen during the postmature stage of hydrocarbon generation. Oil-type gases are characterized by lighter carbon isotope and higher wetness, which were generated from the Lower Cretaceous shales with type II kerogen in the shallow strata during the early mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. Mixing of two different gases causes unusual carbon isotopic distribution patterns, with lighter isotopic values in higher numbered carbons in most gases. The discovery of coal-type gases in the Songliao Basin provides new prospects for the exploration in this region.     

Micromycetes from the Saline Arubotaim Cave: Mount Sedom, The Dead Sea Southwestern Shore, Israel

We examined the soil microfungal community of the saline Arubotaim Cave, Israel. A total of 68 species from 28 genera were isolated. The most prominent features of the cave mycobiota were: the prevailing number of melanin-containing micromycetes; the abundant presence of the Aspergillus species; a comparatively large share of sexual ascomycetes; and the spatial and temporal variation of the mycobiota composition. Nine species were considered as a characteristic micromycete core for the cave. Many of the micromycetes isolated are distributed worldwide. This confirms the conclusion of many mycologists working in areas with saline and arid soils that there is no specific halophilous mycobiota characteristic for these soils.     

The Effects of Annual Harvesting on the Subsequent Phytomass and Species Composition of Grassland and Fernland: A Hong Kong Case

Anthropogenic grasslands mixed with fern and shrubland, on scales from metres to kilometres, are widespread in tropical Southeast Asia, and especially in southern China and adjoining regions where harvesting for domestic fuel is a major factor in their maintenance. Baseline surveys in grassland and fernland in 1989–90 and resurveys in 2001 of three 6 × 20 m plots in Wong Chuk Yuen, Hong Kong, showed substantial change in species composition and total aboveground phytomass as a result of annual harvesting, with more pronounced change in the fernland. Under harvesting pressure, the species composition of the grassland changed considerably, though the proportions of the various life‐forms did not. Ischaemum spp. and Miscanthus floridulus increased whereas Themeda gigantea died out while the proportion of other grass species remained much the same. Under the same regime the species composition and life‐forms of the fernland changed markedly. The proportion of Dicranopteris fern dropped substantially, though still comprising a third of the phytomass by 2001. The shrub Melastoma survived harvesting. A firebreak cut in the fernland became grassy under annual harvesting and remained grassy six years after cutting ceased. The annual harvests from the growth‐years 1991–2000 showed a substantial though variable increase in total phytomass. Analyses relating harvested phytomass with various climatic parameters showed no significant correlations. Some possible reasons for this are suggested. Although annual harvesting was clearly sustainable over the ten years of observation, the question of continued sustainability on sites harvested for centuries, the situation in much of southern China and parts of upland mainland Southeast Asia, remains unresolved.     

内蒙古十八倾壕金矿床铅同位素组成的构造学意义

十八倾壕金矿有两种类型矿体：糜棱岩型矿体和石英脉型矿体。糜棱岩型矿石Pb同位素组成以低放射性成因铅为特点：^206Pb／^204Pb为16．63～17．45，^207pb／^304Pb为1531～15．48，^208Pb/^204Pb为36．52～38．85；在铅的动力学演化曲线上非常接近幔源铅演化模式曲线；与区域上典型的韧性剪切带型金矿——后石花金矿的铅同位素组成一致，是早元古代晚期(2040Ma)韧性剪切变质变形作用的产物。石英脉型矿石Pb同位素组成以高放射性成因铅为特点：^206Pb／^204Pb为18.23～19．74，^207Pb／^204Pb为15．69～15．89，^208Pb／^204pb为38．64～40．13；在铅的动力学演化曲线上非常接近上地壳铅演化的模式曲线；与区域上典型的燕山期岩浆热液型金矿——东伙房金矿以及燕山期花岗岩的铅同位素组成一致，是燕山期岩浆热液型金矿化。十八倾壕金矿是两次小同性质成矿作用叠加的结果。这从Pb同位素组成上证明了笔者曾经提出的关于该矿床叠加构造控矿的观点。