The role of dynamics in total ozone deviations from their long-term mean over the Northern Hemisphere

Total ozone anomalies (deviation from the long-term mean) are created by anomalous circulation patterns. The dynamically produced ozone anomalies can be estimated from known circulation parameters in the layer between the tropopause and the middle stratosphere by means of statistics. Satellite observations of ozone anomalies can be compared with those expected from dynamics. Residual negative anomalies may be due to chemical ozone destruction. The statistics are derived from a 14 year data set of TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer January 1979-Dec. 1992) and corresponding 300 hPa geopotential (for the tropopause height) together with 30 hPa temperature (for stratospheric waves) at 60°N. The correlation coefficient for the linear multiple regression between total ozone (dependent variable) and the dynamical parameters (independent variables) is 0.88 for the zonal deviations in the winter of the Northern Hemisphere. Zonal means are also significantly dependent on circulation parameters, besides showing the known negative trend function of total ozone observed by TOMS. The significant linear trend for 60°N is 3 DU/year in the winter months taking into account the dependence on the dynamics between the tropopause region and the mid-stratosphere. The highest correlation coefficient for the monthly mean total ozone anomalies is reached in November with 0.94.     

煤的激光微区质谱及其与飞行时间二次离子质谱的对比研究

作者首次使用激光微区质谱技术分析了煤中有机显微组分，描述了其谱图特征，发现不同地区煤样和同一地区煤样的不同显微组分其激光微区质谱（LAMMS）特征不同，反映了它们化学成分和结构上的差异。作者还将激光微区质谱技术（LAMMS）与飞行时间二次离子质谱（TOFSIMS）技术的优缺点作了初步对比，认为TOFSIMS／LAMMS两种技术结合起来是煤的微区分析较好的选择。     

Secular evolution of the vertical column abundances of CHCIF2 (HCFC-22) in the Earth's atmosphere inferred from ground-based IR solar observations at the Jungfraujoch and at Kitt Peak,and comparison with model calculations

Series of high-resolution infrared solar spectra recorded at the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, between 06/1986 and 11/1992, and at Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona (U.S.A.), from 12/1980 to 04/1992, have been analyzed to provide a comprehensive ensemble of vertical column abundances of CHCIF₂ (HCFC-22; Freon-22) above the European and the North American continents. The columns were derived from nonlinear least-squares curve fittings between synthetic spectra and the observations containing the unresolved 2v ₆ Q-branch absorption of CHCIF₂ at 829.05 cm^–1. The changes versus time observed in these columns were modeled assuming both an exponential and a linear increase with time. The exponential rates of increase at one-sigma uncertainties were found equal to (7.0±0.35)%/yr for the Junfraujoch data and (7.0±0.23)%/yr for the Kitt Peak data. The exponential trend of 7.0%/yr found at both stations widely separated in location can be considered as representative of the global increase of the CHCIF₂ burden in the Earth's atmosphere during the period 1980 to 1992. When assuming two realistic vertical volume mixing ratio profiles for CHCIF₂ in the troposphere, one quasi constant and the other decreasing by about 13% from the ground to the tropopause, the concentrations for mid-1990 were found to lie between 97 and 111 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) at the 3.58 km altitude of the Jungfraujoch and between 97 and 103 pptv at Kitt Peak, 2.09 km above sea level. Corresponding values derived from calculations using a high vertical resolution-2D model and recently compiled HCFC-22 releases to the atmosphere, were equal to 107 and 105 pptv, respectively, in excellent agreement with the measurements. The model calculated lifetime of CHCIF₂ was found equal to 15.6 years. The present results are compared critically with similar data found in the literature. On average, the concentrations found here are lower by 15–20% than those derived from in situ investigations; this difference cannot be explained by the absolute uncertainty of ±11% assigned presently to the infrared remote measurements.     

元素比值研究玄武岩源区成分的若干问题讨论

本文讨论了以元素比值研究玄武岩成分的限制条件及岩浆结晶分异作用对熔体元素比值的影响，笔者认为采用元素比值研究源岩成分时，除了要考虑两元素分配系数及部分熔融程度的差异外，还应考虑部分熔融方式的影响，另外，由于结晶分异作用对元素比值的影响很小，因此该方法很适合于研究玄武岩源岩的不相容元素，最后，本文提出了一种较为实用的逼近玄武岩源岩元素比值的方法。     

托木尔峰南麓碎屑物的演化特征

本文在野外实地考察和前人工作的基础上，通过对托木尔峰南麓地区冰碛物（冰水沉积物）、河流砂、沙丘砂及黄土（土壤）的矿物成分、化学成分和微量元素的分析，探讨了该地区碎屑物的演化特征。     

海拉尔盆地盐湖的形成自然环境

本文根据野外考察和室内研究，总结了海拉尔盆地盐湖的概况、盐类矿物组成、水化学成分和盐湖的形成自然环境；探讨碳酸盐型盐湖和形成条件和天然碱的成因机理．     

淮南矿区浅部含水层K与水化学成分的相关性

利用单孔抽水及水位恢复试验资料，求出了矿区多处浅部松散含水层渗透系数Ｋ值，分析研究了Ｋ值与各种取样点浅层地下水化学成分之间的相关性及其形成机理，为矿区防治水及浅层地下水资源的开发利用提供了依据。     

秦陵兵马俑的矿物彩绘

秦始皇陵的殉葬品—兵马俑(陶俑和陶马),身上原都绘有鲜艳的颜色,尽管现已脱落,但颜色本身未变,在脱落的层片上仍新鲜可见。本文作者利用发射光谱、X 射线衍射、红外光谱和电子显微镜等分析测试手段,对这种彩绘的成分及其耐久性问题进行了研究。认为兵马俑的彩绘成分均为天然矿物及其简单的产品,这也正是其耐久性能好的根本原因。     

The Principles for Discrimination of the Source Composition of Mantle-Derived Igneous Rocks and the Nature of the Mantle Source Region of the Emeishan Basalts

This paper discusses the discrimination principles. deduction and methods for probing into the source composition of mantle-derived magma. The magmatophile (incompatible) source elements are not all optimal tracers for mantle source composition. The ratios of two strong magmatophile elements (D<1) or the ratios of two trace elements with the same D value are not controlled by the formation mode and evolution degree of a magma, but maintain the characteristics of their composition in mantle source region prior to the magma formation. The ratios are related to different mantle-crust structures and dynamics. The mantle source composition of the Emeishan Basalt series is similar to that of the South Atlantic Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge Basalts and Brazil continental-margin basalts. This may indicate that these basalt series might have similar source regions and tectonic environments.     

有效全岩成分的计算方法及其在变质相平衡模拟中的应用

变质相平衡模拟是变质岩领域近几十年最重要的进展之一，它已经成为确定变质作用P-T-t轨迹和探索变质演化过程的有力工具。变质岩的矿物组合不但与其形成的温度（T）和压力（P）条件有关，而且受控于岩石的全岩成分（X）。但是变质岩通常是不均匀的并且往往保留两期以上的矿物组合，因此计算不同成分域或不同变质演化期次的有效全岩成分是模拟P-T视剖面图的核心问题之一。在中-低温变质岩中，石榴石变斑晶的生长会不断地将其核部成分"冻结"而不参与后续变质反应，这导致根据实测全岩成分计算的P-T视剖面图无法有效地模拟石榴石幔部或边部生长阶段的变质演化过程。"瑞利分馏法"和"球体积法"利用电子探针实测的石榴石成分环带可以模拟计算石榴石各个生长阶段所对应的有效全岩成分，本文推荐使用这两个方法来处理石榴石变斑晶的分馏效应问题。相比较而言，石榴石在高温变质岩中通常无法保留生长阶段的成分环带特征，这是因为石榴石成分在高温条件下会发生扩散再平衡，并同时与多数基质矿物达到热力学平衡，这时一般不需要考虑石榴石的分馏效应。但是高温变质岩通常会发生部分熔融并伴随熔体的迁移，进而改变岩石的有效全岩成分。因此，通过P-T视剖面图模拟熔体迁移前后的变质演化过程需要使用"相平衡法"计算迁移的熔体成分以及熔体迁移前后岩石的有效全岩成分。此外，后成合晶与反应边是变质岩中最常见的退变质反应结构，但是后成合晶或反应边中的矿物之间并未达到热力学平衡。这种情况需要结合岩相学观察和矿物成分，利用最小二乘法确定后成合晶或反应边中发生的平衡反应方程式，进而获取变质反应发生时的有效全岩成分并通过计算P-T视剖面图来估算退变质的温压条件。除此之外，岩石体系中三价铁（Fe₂O₃）和H₂O含量的估算一直以来都是相平衡模拟研究中的难点，本文推荐使用P/T-X（Fe³⁺/Fe^tot，MH₂O）视剖面图来确定这两个组分的含量，这是因为P/T-X图可以估算各个变质演化阶段或特定矿物组合的Fe₂O₃或H₂O含量。