OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON SAND-DUST STORM IN HELAN MOUNTAINOUS AREA

According to the observation of the number and mass concentration spectra of atmosphericaerosols,the total suspended particulates (TSP) and their size distribution,micrometeorology,and the solar spectroscopic radiation,even neutron activation treatment of sand dust samples inHelan Mountainous area.the formation law of floating dust,blowing sand and sandstorm weatherand the characteristics of climatic variation in this area and the influence of the Helan Mountain arecounted and analyzed.In addition,the spectrum characteristics,optical depth and chemicalcomposition of sand aerosol particles are also analyzed and discussed.     

和田河与克里雅河流域不同类型沙物质的地球化学探讨

本文通过对和田河和克里雅河流域不同类型沙物质的矿物和化学成分研究,揭示了河流沙、沙丘沙和地层沙的矿物成分和化学成分存在的差异,指出这种差异是有关元素及化合物(或矿物)在不同环境下具有不同地球化学行为的结果。     

Chemical composition of saline and subsaline lakes of the northern Great Plains,western Canada

The northern Great Plains of Canada stretch from the Precambrian Shield near Winnipeg, Manitoba, westward for ∼1,700 km to the Rocky Mountains foothills. This vast region of flat to gently rolling terrain contains a very large number of salt lakes. Major ion chemical data on ∼500 of them are available. Although the average brine (salinity, 37 ppt) is a Na⁺−SO₄ ²⁻ type of water, the lakes exhibit a wide range of salinities and ionic compositions. This diversity is confirmed by Q-mode cluster analysis; it identified thirteen major water chemistry types. Most ions display distinct trends, both spatially and with increasing salinity. All dissolved components increase with increasing salinity, but at different rates. The relative proportions of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻+CO₃ ²⁻ ions show a strong decrease with increasing brine salinity, whereas SO₄ ²⁻ ions increase with increasing salinity. The ionic proportions of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ exhibit no significant relationship with salinity. R-mode factor analysis of the lake water chemistry, combined with selected environmental parameters, identifies groundwater composition, climate, and the elevation of the lake within the drainage system as most important in controlling brine chemistry and salinity on a regional basis. Variability in source of ions, reaction processes and products are undoubtedly key factors in helping to explain brine chemistry of an individual basin or variation from a local perspective, but these factors are generally poorly understood and not quantified on a regional basis. Palliser Triangle Global Change Project Contribution Number 3.     

On the distribution of physical and chemical particle properties in the atmospheric aerosol

Consideration of sources and growth dynamics of aerosols has led to the conclusion that there may be a distribution or variation of chemical composition and physical structure among atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of size, and within a narrow size range as well. A mathematical representation of these particle properties in terms of an additional dimension to the number size distribution is described. Examples of the relevance of this aspect of aerosol characterization for physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere are discussed. A review of the available techniques shows that several methods are available which can and have provided quantitative results on the distribution of particle properties. Examples of data from the literature have been selected and are presented as three-dimensional distributions illustrating the wide range of particle properties which may exist in narrow size intervals. An evaluation of these results reiterates the value of taking the distribution of particle properties in the atmosphere into account for sampling and modeling purposes.     

博兴县浅层地下水水化学演化分析研究

通过对比分析博兴县20多年来的浅层地下水水质监测资料,研究总结了该区浅层地下水水化学类型及主要水化学组分的动态演化特征。结果表明,该区大部分地段浅层地下水水化学类型较为稳定,7个长期监测点中仅有2个监测点阳离子或阴离子类型呈现出明显改变,有4个监测点部分水化学组分含量呈现出上升趋势,造成这些变化的原因主要与南部地下水降落漏斗的形成导致北部咸水向南部补给有关。     

Microstructures and their implications for faulting processes –Insights from DGLab core samples from the Gulf of Corinth

We have examined microstructures, mineralogical composition, geochemical alteration, and texture of four selected fault rock samples from the Deep Geodynamical Laboratory (DGLab) Gulf of Corinth project using optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The fault core is composed of red and gray clayey gouge material and surrounded by a damage zone of brecciated limestones. Pressure solution features, calcite veins and calcite clasts in the breccia and gouge material attest the presence of paleo-fluids and fluid-driven mass transfer during deformation. Differences in CL-colors between the matrix and calcite vein cement and inside the vein cement suggest repeated infiltration of fluids with different composition from various sources (formation water and meteoric water). Twin lamellae densities estimated in calcite veins are used as paleo-piezometer. The deduced differential stress is ∼140 ± 70 MPa for the older vein generation and appears to be higher than stress for the youngest veins (45 ± 23 MPa). In spite of the relatively small clay content in both samples, newly formed clay minerals have been observed in gray as well as red clayey gouge material. Differences between gray and red clay gouge material are found in fault rock composition, porosity and clay fabric. The proportion of chlorite in the red gouge is significantly less than that in the gray gouge whereas the initial porosity is significantly higher than in the gray gouge material. The detection of a well-oriented clay fabric in red clay gouge samples is unique in comparison to other major fault zones.     

冲绳海槽黑色与白色浮岩特征及其对岩浆演化的指示

为了认识黑色与白色浮岩的岩石特征及成因,使用人工重砂、元素地球化学等分析技术,研究冲绳海槽两类浮岩中元素及矿物组成特征。研究显示,冲绳海槽黑色和白色浮岩具有相似全岩化学组成,都落入流纹岩区,稀土配分曲线明显呈右倾,具负Eu异常,富集不相容元素,岩石物理性质差别是导致其颜色差异的主要因素。两类浮岩岩石学特征的不同主要体现在:(1)白色浮岩锆石和辉石都具有两种类型,黑色浮岩仅具有其中一种;(2)黑色浮岩中发育钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿与基质构成的珠状构造,且基质玻璃中密集分布磁铁矿雏晶,而白色浮岩不具备上述岩石学特征。综合分析海槽两类浮岩岩石学特征所蕴含的岩浆演化信息,推测两类浮岩具有相同的玄武质岩浆源区,富挥发组分的玄武质母岩浆上升进入地壳,形成初级岩浆房,房内结晶分异后残留的酸性岩浆,沿海槽构造薄弱带向上运移,岩浆运移过程中有少部分进入分支断裂系统形成次级岩浆房,期间初级岩浆房接受多次基性岩浆注入;初级和次级岩浆房中的酸性岩浆分别独立喷出海底,前者形成白色浮岩,后者形成黑色浮岩。此外,演化过程中岩浆性质逐渐由氧化性向还原性转变。     

Research Progress of Leaf-wax Hydrogen Isotope Paleoaltimetry

Leaf waxes/lipids which are derived from terrestrial higher plants are ubiquitous in fluvial, lake, and marine sediments. N-alkanes are an important component of leaf waxes. Modern leaf wax n-alkanes from terrestrial higher plants are characterized with long chains with 27 to 33 carbon atoms (nC₂₇-nC₃₁) and high carbon preference index (CPI) values (>5). The hydrogen isotopes in n-alkanes are determined by meteoric water compositions, which makes them a potential proxy in paleoaltimetry studies. The lapse rates at which n-alkane hydrogen isotopes in modern soils change with altitude vary in different areas, implying that local calibration has to be conducted. The enrichment due to evapotranspiration and difference in fractionation during biosynthesis also influence n-alkane hydrogen isotopes values. When using long-chain n-alkanes to reconstruct paleoaltitude, many factors such as paleoclimate, paleolatitude and paleobotany should be considered.     

Provenance of Triassic sandstones on the southwest Barents Shelf and the implication for sediment dispersal patterns in northwest Pangaea

Thick Triassic siliciclastic units form major reservoir targets for hydrocarbon exploration on the Barents Shelf; however, poor reservoir quality, possibly associated with variation in provenance, remains a key risk factor in the area. In this study, sandstone dispersal patterns on the southwest Barents Shelf are investigated through petrographic and heavy mineral analysis, garnet and rutile geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology. The results show that until the Early Norian Maximum Flooding Surface, two contrasting sand types were present: (i) a Caledonian Sand Type, characterised by a high compositional maturity, a heavy mineral assemblage dominated by garnet and low chrome-spinel:zircon (CZi) values, predominantly metapelitic rutiles and mostly Proterozoic and Archaean detrital zircon ages, interpreted to be sourced from the Caledonides, and (ii) a Uralian Sand Type, characterised by a low compositional maturity, high CZi values, predominantly metamafic rutiles and Carboniferous zircon ages, sourced from the Uralian Orogeny. In addition, disparity in detrital zircon ages of the Uralian Sand Type with contiguous strata on the northern Barents Shelf reveals the presence of a Northern Uraloid Sand Type, interpreted to have been sourced from Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya. As such, a coincidental system is inferred which delivered sand to the Northern Barents Shelf in the late Carnian/early Norian. Following the Early Norian Maximum Flooding Surface, a significant provenance change occurs. In response to Late Triassic/Early Jurassic hinterland rejuvenation, supply from the Uralian Orogen ceased and the northern Scandinavian (Caledonian) source became dominant, extending northwards out on to the southwest Barents Shelf. The data reveal a link between reservoir quality and sand type and illustrate how provenance played an important role in the development of clastic reservoirs within the Triassic of the Barents Shelf.     

中国沿海部分地区半褶织纹螺的毒性及毒素组成分析

为确定中国沿海不同地区织纹螺中的毒素成分,本研究在江苏省、浙江省和福建省设立了多个采样点,对采集的半褶织纹螺样品进行了毒性测试和毒素组成分析。研究结果显示,采集的织纹螺样品毒性范围为2—664MU(mouse unit)/g湿重,其中,采自江苏省连云港地区的织纹螺样品毒性远高于其它地区。应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)方法对样品中的毒素成分进行分析,在各地的织纹螺样品中均检测到了河豚毒素(TTX)及trideoxy TTX、4-epi TTX和anhydro TTX等衍生物,但各种毒素成分所占的比例存在差异。自江苏省连云港市和浙江省舟山市采集的织纹螺样品中,Trideoxy TTX是主要的毒素成分,TTX和其它两种毒素成分次之;而自江苏省盐城市、浙江省宁波市及福建省宁德市和莆田市采集的织纹螺样品中,TTX的含量最高。采集自江苏省连云港和浙江省舟山市的大部分织纹螺样品中,肌肉组织的毒素含量最高,其次是消化腺组织,其余组织中的毒素含量最低。高毒性成分TTX的最高值主要出现在肌肉组织或消化腺组织中。从实验结果可以看出,各地的有毒织纹螺中毒素成分基本一致,而各种毒素成分所占的比例有一定的差异,织纹螺的毒性与高毒性成分TTX的含量有关。