400 Hz矩形波连续音对鲤、草鱼音响驯化的试验研究

音响驯化技术被广泛应用于海洋牧场及淡水水域对鱼类行为的控制,但在采用何种频率和波形声音方面的研究积累尚少。试验室条件下,利用400 Hz矩形波连续音对鲤、草鱼进行了音响驯化试验。结果表明,鲤、草鱼的反应时间和聚集时间均逐日减少。平均反应时间分别为25.4 s和34.6 s,平均聚集时间分别为48.9 s和56.9 s;聚集率则逐日增加.驯化5 d后,鲤、草鱼的聚集率均达到100%,平均聚集率分别为89.7%和94.1%。由此可见.400 Hz矩形波连续音对鲤、草鱼均有明显的驯化作用。     

鲤、草鱼在400 Hz矩形波连续音驯化下对模型网的行为反应研究

定置网具是1种被动过滤性渔具,其渔获效果往往受水流、底质以及季节等因素的影响.为了改进传统的定置网具,本试验参考定置张网、多门网箱簖以及底层鱼诱捕定置网箱等定置网中拦网、八字门的设计参数,结合本次试验条件设计了由拦网、八字门组成的模型网,研究了鲤、草鱼在400 Hz矩形波连续音的刺激下对该模型网的行为反应,探讨了音响驯化技术与定置网具相结合的联合渔法中拦网、八字门的相关参数以及开发新渔具、渔法的可行性.结果表明,鲤、草鱼在声音刺激下能够通过模型网至聚集区内聚集,其平均开始进入拦网时间分别为76.9和89.4 s;平均开始进入八字门时间分别为79.3和71.2 s;平均开始聚集时间分别为120.0和96.0 s;平均聚集时间分别为125.8和87.8 s;平均聚集率为76.5%和84.2%.由此可见,结合音响驯化技术能够提高定置网具的捕捞效率.     

三维土工网垫植草护坡防坡面径流冲刷的机制分析

基于水力学和河流动力学的基本原理,利用坡面糙率和拦污栅模型分别模拟三维土工网垫和坡面植被作用,建立了三维土工网垫和坡面植被引起的坡面沿程水头损失和径流局部水头损失计算式,并建立三维土工网垫植草护坡时坡面径流速度计算表达式,将颗粒启动速度引入分析坡面土颗粒流失初始的启动流速,进而通过坡脚流速和坡面土颗粒启动流速的对比分析和通过分析坡角、植株密度、网垫和植被类型对坡脚流速的影响来研究三维土工网垫植草护坡的防径流冲刷特性。结果表明,坡脚流速随坡角增大而增大;网垫类型对坡脚流速影响不明显,但同无护坡时相比网垫能显著降低坡脚流速;坡脚流速随植株和叶部倾角增加而变小,且随植株密度增大而减少,并在考虑不同边坡土质的颗粒启动速度与坡脚流速相等时计算得到护坡所需的植株最小密度。     

山西水资源可持续利用的研究

山西是缺水大省,水资源总量 138.1 亿 m3,居全国倒数第 2 位.能源重化工基地建设、人口增长和经济发展,大量取水用水,使泉水出流量减少、地下水位下降、水质严重污染.本文从如何保持水资源的可持续利用出发,提出了大规模造林种草、搞好重点水工程的除险加固、加强污水治理、狠抓水资源管理及强化全民节水意识等措施.     

黄土高原坡耕地退耕还草的水沙变化特征

根据野外观测资料 ,比较不同农耕地的产流产沙与草地 ,分析了退耕还草后减流减沙效应随降雨特征、坡度以及时间变化的特征。结果表明 ,退耕还草减流减沙主要是在大雨量时 ,尤其是减流效应 ,在小雨量降雨时很弱 ,甚至不减流。退耕还草减流减沙效应随坡度的增加而增大 ,且减沙效应增长速度大于减流效应 ,退耕还草应尽快退掉 2 5°以上的坡耕地。退耕还草减流减沙在多雨和暴雨多年份以及在暴雨多的季节效应强 ,主要削减的是大暴雨、高含沙的地表径流。在任何情况下 ,退耕还草的减沙效应都明显大于减流效应。     

Long-term evapotranspiration rates for rainfed corn versus perennial bioenergy crops in a mesic landscape

Perennial cellulosic crops are promoted for their potential contributions to a sustainable energy future. However, a large-scale perennial bioenergy production requires extensive land use changes through diversion of croplands or conversion of uncultivated lands, with potential implications for local and regional hydrology. To assess the impact of such land use conversions on ecosystem water use, we converted three 22 year-old Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and three 50+ year-old conventionally tilled corn-soybean crop fields (AGR) to either no-till continuous maize (corn) or perennial (switchgrass or restored prairie) bioenergy crops. We also maintained one CRP grassland without conversion. We measured evapotranspiration (ET) rates on all fields for 9 years using eddy covariance methods. Results show that: (a) mean growing-season ET rates for perennial crops were similar to the ET rate of the corn they replaced at the previously cultivated (AGR) field but ET rates for perennial crops at CRP fields were 5–9% higher than ET rate for corn on former CRP fields; and (b) mean nongrowing season ET rates for perennial fields were 11–15% lower than those for corn fields, regardless of land use history. On an annual basis, mean ET rates for perennial crops tended to be lower (4–7%) than ET rate of the corn that they replaced at AGR fields but ET rates for perennial crops and corn at CRP fields were similar. Over 9 years, mean ET rates for the same crop across land use histories were remarkably similar for corn, whereas for the perennial crops they were 4–10% higher at former CRP than at former AGR fields, mainly due to differences in growing season ET. Over the 9 years and across all fields, ET returned ~60% of the precipitation back to the atmosphere. These findings suggest that large-scale substitution of perennial bioenergy crops for rainfed corn in mesic landscapes would have little if any (0 to −3%) impact on terrestrial water balances.     

无人机影像识别白喉乌头的相对高程阈值法适用性分析

本文以新疆伊犁州新源县那拉提草原的典型毒害草白喉乌头为研究对象,通过PhotoScan软件对无人机航拍影像进行数据处理并获取研究区DSM数据,在此基础上,运用相对高程阈值法识别提取白喉乌头的最佳阈值范围,并验证其有效性。试验结果表明：①在无人机影像中,相对高程阈值法能够清晰准确地体现地物分布特征,适用于提取与普通牧草高度误差明显的地物;②当10 cm≤T<20 cm时,白喉乌头能够被准确识别,且与实际白喉乌头分布点基本一致,分类精度达91%;③相对高程阈值法能够较好地分离出白喉乌头,既提升了分类依据的可靠性,又实现了白喉乌头高精度识别。该方法可应用于实际的草原监测工作。     

逆转录聚合酶链式反应中dsRNA模板的快速制备

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术检测草鱼出血病病毒。建立了一种快速、简易而可靠的ｄｓＲＮＡ模板的制备方法。应用该方法制备模板进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增，可以有效地检测出病鱼组织及病毒感染的培养细胞裂解液中的草鱼出血病病毒，且全过程只需３～４ｈ，大大缩短了检测时间     

The Impact of Exotic Dune Grass Species on Foredune Development in Australia and New Zealand: a case study of Ammophila arenaria and Thinopyrum junceiforme

Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) and sea-wheat grass (Thinopyrum junceiforme) have been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. This study examines the morphology of incipient foredunes and established foredunes associated with these species at two sites, Mason Bay in southern New Zealand, and the Younghusband Peninsula in South Australia. Both species invaded the existing foredunes very rapidly. In both cases the antecedent topography comprised relatively sparsely vegetated, irregular foredunes. Invasion resulted in continuous, regular, evenly vegetated foredunes. At Mason Bay a massive foredune has formed since 1958, in conjunction with Ammophila. Thinopyrum has formed an incipient foredune, with a ramp or terrace morphology, along the Younghusband Peninsula, South Australia. In both cases gaps in the former foredune have been closed and the indigenous foredune vegetation has been displaced. Both species may decrease the frequency and severity of blowout development. They are likely to be resilient to aeolian processes of sedimentation compared with dunes formed by indigenous species. Ammophila survives burial, is tolerant of drought and is resistant to erosion associated with storm surge and high waves. Thinopyrum is very tolerant of salinity. These species may adversely affect the long-term development of coastal barriers by inhibiting transgressive dune development.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka