滨里海盆地东缘中段盐构造变形特征

利用地震剖面解释和构造编图,对滨里海盆地东缘中段下二叠统孔谷阶盐构造变形特征进行了分析。结果表明,孔谷阶含盐层系变形强烈,主要发育盐底辟、盐枕、盐滚、盐焊接、盐边凹陷和龟背构造等多种盐构造变形样式。不同盐构造规模差别较大,隆起幅度自东向西逐渐增大,平面展布具有明显的分带性。盐构造运动对周缘地层变形也产生了重要影响,形成了楔型褶皱地层,并导致盐间和盐上地层发育一些特征各异的断裂。盐构造运动受乌拉尔造山作用影响明显,强烈的盐构造活动主要发生在晚二叠世一三叠纪。     

Direct determination of tidal levels for engineering applications based on biological observations

The scarcity of tide gauges in a global scale and the variability of the tidal levels along contiguous coasts mainly due to changing hydrographic conditions make the determination of tidal levels, especially of the Mean Sea Level, not an easy task. Determination of such levels with a precision of about 10 cm, necessary for most coastal engineering works, is usually based on records of temporary tide gauges or on geomorphological techniques. In this paper we present an alternative approach permitting to accurately identify tidal levels with a precision suitable for civil engineering applications based on biological observations on rocky shores, including breakwaters and quays. More specifically, we present evidence that the biological zonation, i.e. the distribution of coastal species in well-defined sub-horizontal belts, is practically insensitive to seasonal and other small-scale fluctuations of the sea level and is clearly related to certain levels, mostly the Mean Low Water (MLW). This approach, somewhat similar to what has been used in the past (for instance for the determination of the geodetic vertical datum in the Republic of Venice, Italy, till approximately AD 1800), permits direct determination of the Mean Sea Level or of other tidal levels on the basis of biological observations without statistical analyses of tide-gauge records with an accuracy of 5–10 cm, especially in microtidal, low-energy coasts.     

华蓥山隧道岩溶发育强度垂直分带

论述了华蓥山隧道的岩溶发育特征,根据岩溶发育强度的划分依据和划分标准,结合岩溶发育的历史,采用类比判别法、主因素判别法和综合判别法对岩溶发育强度作了垂直分带,据此预测的溶洞规模与实际情况吻合。     

基于GIS的洛阳市高温灾害风险区划

利用洛阳市1961-2010年历史气候资料和地理信息数据,通过分析高温灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境因子、承灾体易损性因子和防灾减灾因子4个因子的指标,利用层次分析法确定各个因子指标的权重建立高温气象灾害风险评价体系。其中选取洛阳市9个观测站高温日数,并运用皮尔逊Ⅲ型概率密度模型分别从不同频率推测高温影响程度并分析高温危险性因子;利用洛阳市基础地理信息数据,选取海拔高度和河网密度作为评价孕灾环境因子指标;利用洛阳市土地利用分类分析不同土地类型承载体潜在易损性,同时考虑高温易受伤害人群的人口比例怍为承载体易损性因子指标;防灾减灾因子利用各乡镇财政一般收入水平和人均可支配收入作为量化指标。从区划图中可以看出：总体高温风险等级北部高于南部;东北部、中部风险等级最高,其中偃师中部、伊川西部和南部地区、嵩县北部地区风险等级最高;次高风险等级主要分布在新安、宜阳、伊川中东部、孟津东部和西部、嵩县中部等地区;栾川、嵩县南部、洛宁西部风险等级最低。     

碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中REE富集与分异的研究进展及碳酸岩中的矿物学分带

稀土元素(REE)作为"三稀资源"之一,是中国重要的战略性矿产资源,碳酸岩型稀土矿床是世界稀土的主要来源.成矿碳酸岩的岩浆演化以及稀土元素的富集和分异机理一直是碳酸岩型稀土矿床研究的热点和难点,国内外学者对碳酸岩的岩浆起源、岩浆演化过程中稀土元素富集与分异的机理进行了大量的研究与探讨,但仍存在较多的争议,限制了碳酸岩型稀土元素成矿理论的发展及国内外碳酸岩型稀土矿床的找矿勘查工作.文章重点对稀土成矿碳酸岩的起源、岩浆演化过程及在此过程中REE的富集与分异行为进行了详细的文献调研和评述,同时,基于笔者在冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床前期的研究工作和最新发现,认为碳酸岩中普遍存在矿物学分带,它是岩浆演化过程的最佳记录,是不同成分矿物结晶分异作用的体现.对牦牛坪稀土矿床碳酸岩的矿物学分带特征及其中的熔体、熔流体和流体包裹体进行了初步描述与探讨,以期为研究碳酸岩的岩浆演化、岩浆-流体转化过程及稀土元素的富集与分异机理提供新的思路,促使对稀土碳酸岩矿物学分带及其对REE富集与分异的研究引起更多的关注和重视.     

矿物学填图揭示金矿脉的隐蔽分带性：以玲珑金矿52号脉为例

胶东许多金矿脉的矿物组合很简单,几乎全是石英、黄铁矿,难于进行分带性研究。通过对玲珑金矿52号脉的矿物学填图研究,发现该矿脉从上向下,黄铁矿的晶体形态{111}减少而{210}增加,+α值减小,P导型减少而N导型增加;石英的热发光强度增大。这些物性参数在矿脉空间的规律性变化,揭示了外观很单一的矿脉内部隐蔽着的空间分带性,并发现与金矿化强度有密切关系。研究结果还表明,52号脉在海拔+170m以上主要为上部矿体特征,受剥蚀程度不大,深部远景还大;成矿热液近于直立运移并具有水平方向的等距波动性;预测三个区段深部应保持良好矿化。以后的钻探工程证实了预测。     

动物碎屑的光性变化及其研究意义

前泥盆纪地层中缺乏镜质体使得正确评价其有机质的热成熟度极为困难。但在下古生界中含有海生有机质笔石和几丁虫等 ,由于其光性特征随成熟度的变化而发生规律性变化而被用于表征有机质成熟度。在 4 50～ 70 0nm可见光谱范围 ,由于笔石和几丁虫的光学色散特性反射率随成熟度增加 ,表现出与镜质体及沥青相似的变化趋势。这表明 ,随成熟度增加 ,笔石和几丁虫的分子结构芳香度及芳碳定向性均发生相似的变化。在低成熟阶段 ,笔石和几丁虫的光学色散谱从蓝区到红区降低 ,表明芳环聚合程度低 ,芳碳含量少。在中等成熟阶段 ,笔石和几丁虫的光学色散谱从蓝区到红区呈平稳型式。在高成熟阶段 ,笔石的光学色散谱从蓝区到红区呈上升趋势 ,表明具有高芳香度 ,芳香分子定向性增强。在Ro ,max为 2 5%左右笔石发生结构转化 ,但直到Ro ,max达 12 %也未发生石墨化作用 ,表明笔石主要发生增碳作用。笔石和几丁虫的光性参数是下古生界地层的极为有效的成熟度指标     

GIS综合评价模型在地质灾害详细调查中的应用

以河南省登封市地质灾害调查为例,在分析地质环境条件的基础上,总结地质灾害发育特征,确定易发性分区评价指标,并运用GIS综合评价模型分析计算,得出的分区结果与实际吻合较好。通过对GIS综合评价模型的研究,可为大区域内地质灾害易发性评价提供参考。     

Groundwater regime and calculation of yield response in North China Plain: a case study of Luancheng County in Hebei Province

The groundwater table has been declining at a rate of 0.65 m/yr in Luancheng County since large scale groundwater extraction carried out in the 1960s. The drop of precipitation, substantial increase in agricultural output, variations of crop planting structure and construction of water conservancy projects in the headwater area all tie up with the decline of the groundwater table. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions and the water resources utilization of Luancheng County, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the county’s groundwater flow through finite-difference method using Visual Modflow software. We divide the research field into four parts after analyzing the hydrogeological condition. Based on parameter calibration and adjustment using measured data, the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were simulated. Using the calibrated model, we analyze the agricultural water saving potentiality and its influence on the groundwater. The results are as follows: (1) if we decrease the amount of water extracted by 0.14xl0⁸ m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.33 m; (2) if we decrease the water by 0.29x 10⁸m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.64 m; and (3) if we increase the water by 0.29 x 10⁸m³, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will decline by 0.45 m. So we can draw a conclusion that controlling the agricultural water use is an important way to prevent the decline of groundwater table.