Graptolite‐Derived Organic Matter and Pore Characteristics in the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Black Shale of the Sichuan Basin and its Periphery

A key target of shale gas exploration and production in China is the organic-rich black shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. The set of black shale contains abundant graptolites, which are mainly preserved as flattened rhabdosomes with carbonized periderms, is an important organic component of the shale. However, few previous studies had focused on the organic matter (OM) which is derived from graptolite and its pore structure. In particular, the contributions of graptolites to gas generation, storage, and flow have not yet been examined. In this study, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of the graptolite-derived OM and the micro-nanopores of graptolite periderms. The results suggested that the proportion of OM in the graptolite was between 19.7% and 30.2%, and between 8.9% and 14.4% in the surrounding rock. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the graptolite was found to be higher than that of the surrounding rock, which indicated that the graptolite played a significant role in the dispersed organic matter. Four types of pores were developed in the graptolite periderm, including organic gas pores, pyrite moulage pores, authigenic quartz moldic pores, and micro-fractures. These well-developed micro-nano pores and fractures had formed an interconnected system within the graptolites which provided storage spaces for shale gas. The stacked layers and large accumulation of graptolites resulted in lamellation fractures openning easily, and provided effective pathways for the gas flow. A few nanoscale gas pores were observed in the graptolite-derived OM, with surface porosity lie in 1.5%–2.4%, and pore diameters of 5–20 nm. The sapropel detritus was determined to be rich in nanometer-sized pores with surface porosity of 3.1%–6.2%, and pore diameters of 20–80 nm. Due to the small amount of hydrocarbon generation of the graptolite, supporting the overlying pressure was difficult, which caused the pores to become compacted or collapsed.     

Regional distribution of Al-silicates and metamorphic zonation in the low-grade Verrucano metasediments from the Northern Apennines, Italy

Abstract Mineralogical and petrological studies of Triassic Verrucano metasediments of the Northern Apennines are reported. The widespread occurrence of Al-silicates allows the delineation of four metamorphic zones with increasing metamorphic grade: (1) kaolinite zone (well Perugia 2, Umbria); (2) kaolinite-pyro-phyllite zone (Monte Argentario and part of the Verrucano of the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and Monti Leoni); (3) pyrophyllite zone (Monti Pisani, Iano, Monti Leoni, the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and some wells in the Larderello region); (4) kyanite zone (Massa area and some wells in the Larderello area).
The four metamorphic zones correspond to temperatures ranging from 300°C to about 450°C. On the basis of the Si content of muscovite and geological arguments, pressures of between 3 and 5 kbar are estimated. The metamorphic zones are located more or less parallel to the bent north-west-south-east trending structural zonation of the Northern Apennines, with the concave side towards the Tyhrrenian Sea.
During the Alpine orogeny, the Verrucano metasediments underwent three folding phases each of which has produced an axial plane schistosity (S₁, S₂, S₃). During the first folding phase the Verrucano sediments were buried increasingly deeply within the crust from east to west. The climax of Alpine metamorphism was attained prior to the second folding phase with crystallization of porphyroblasts of kyanite and chloritoid in a central area located between Massa and Larderello. The inferred paleo-temperature distribution pattern resembles an asymmetric thermal high defined by the kyanite zone, and surrounded by the pyrophyllite zone. A similar pattern is still present in the Tuscan crust, as indicated by a series of geothermal anomalies passing through the Northern Apennines.     

关于强壮弓笔石(Cyrtograptus robustus)的补充研究

在陕西紫阳新发现一块更为完整的强壮弓笔石(Cyrtograptus robustus)化石,对其始部、主枝、幼枝、胞管等特征进行了描述和数据统计,并与国内外相似的弓笔石进行对比。该种弓笔石主枝较宽,一级幼枝发育,相邻幼枝间隔胞管数为1~7个不等,随着主枝的延伸相邻幼枝间隔胞管数增大。笔石体没有二级幼枝,胞管形态为较矮的三角形。该种化石的补充研究为C. lapworthi带的弓笔石种类和弓笔石早期发育情况的研究提供了重要的基础资料。     

河南栾川三道庄钼(钨)矿床构造蚀变岩相分带特征

围绕南泥湖钼（钨）矿床1：10000构造蚀变岩相填图,以1：2000地质实测剖面为基础,通过显微镜下鉴定,观测三道庄钼（钨）矿床各构造蚀变岩相带标志性蚀变矿物、矿物组合特征和矿物含量变化特点。综合野外及镜下观察分析,提出三道庄钼（钨）矿床围岩发生了接触热变质和热液交代变质2种蚀变类型,其中,热接触变质划分为石英岩带、黑云母长英角岩带与透辉石长英角岩带3个构造蚀变岩相带;热液交代蚀变岩划分出矽卡岩带和矽卡岩化钙硅酸角岩带2个构造蚀变岩相带。先从宏观到微观逐步深入地开展研究,总结矿床围岩的构造蚀变岩相分带及分布特征,再从显微角度来验证并支撑野外构造蚀变岩相分带的正确性,最后编制了三道庄钼（钨）矿床围岩构造蚀变岩相分带图。本研究为探讨斑岩-矽卡岩型钼（钨）矿床的成矿规律提供了新的工作思路和实际测量填图成果,在岩相结合构造研究领域具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

海相优质页岩的形成环境及发育模式——以中扬子地区秭归新滩剖面五峰—龙马溪组页岩为例

运用地球化学和岩石学方法,从古盐度、古气候、古生产力、海域封闭性以及氧化还原条件等方面,分析中扬子地区秭归新滩剖面上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组海相优质页岩的形成环境,并探讨了优质页岩发育的控制因素及模式。结果表明:中扬子地区五峰—龙马溪组优质页岩以硅质页岩为主,主要发育在五峰组至埃隆阶底部;优质页岩主要形成于温暖潮湿、低盐度—正常盐度、弱封闭—半封闭的缺氧环境中,并且具有较高的古生产力;海相优质页岩的发育是构造活动、海平面升降以及陆源—生物硅质供应等多因素综合作用的结果,而在埃隆期之后,随着扬子板块的持续向西北推进,海域面积不断萎缩,生物硅质供应降低,陆源碎屑供应迅速增加,优质页岩不再发育。最后,总结了海相优质页岩的发育模式。     

侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地土壤发育特性

新疆天山山脉海拔落差大,受气候及地形条件的影响其垂直分带性显著。天山山脉独特的地理位置及地质构造特征决定了山脉植被特征及垂直带谱发育的复杂性,也是影响坡积土分布与发育的重要条件。本文通过总结新疆天山山脉整体空间地理格局、地质造山过程和特殊地质地貌发育特征,进而明确了坡积土的风化成生过程及演化机制,并分析了天山山脉垂直分带划分界限及各分带内坡积土表层植被和地质灾害分布特征。研究表明：(1)新疆天山山脉横贯新疆中部,山脉发育主要受到古生代陆缘增生-碰撞造山、新生代晚期陆内造山及持续的冰川侵蚀等作用演化而成,其独特气候环境条件的差异性及规律性造就了天山山脉地貌发育具有水平过渡完整、垂直分带特性显著等特点;(2)天山山脉坡积土风化成生过程经历了原位风化、运移沉积及有机质积聚三环节,各环节依次进行又同时发生,具有循环递进特点;(3)依据海拔梯度与水热条件可将坡积土类型进行垂直分带划分,主要表现在：以博格达峰为代表的天山山脉北坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、山地黑钙土、栗钙土、灰褐土、荒漠灰棕漠土;以托木尔峰为代表的天山山脉南坡坡积土类型沿海拔由高到低依次为：高山原始土、高山-亚高山草甸土、淡栗钙土、棕钙土、棕漠土;(4)天山山脉坡积土地质灾害受不同海拔处地貌条件及气候环境因素影响而产生了垂直分带特性,可以划分为冰川动力作用型、冰水侵蚀作用型、降水补给作用型。研究为明晰不同海拔内坡积土垂直分带及地质灾害特征提供基础指导价值。     

湖南省抗倒塌地震区划图预编试验的潜在震源区划分原则.

基于“地震区划概率水准确定与地震区划图预编试验研究”的成果,本文广泛收集了湖南省境内核电工程的安全性评价报告等有关资料,从地震活动性、地震构造、地球物理场及地震地质野外考察等室内、外分析工作的层面上,得出了湖南地区潜在震源区划分的原则和依据,并对7种划分的方案进行了对比,最后提出了湖南省抗倒塌地震区划预编原则.这一结果对相类似的中国大陆东部地区地震区划工作具有一定的指导意义.     

二连盆地巴音都兰凹陷早白垩世构造岩相带特征及含油性

在系统观察岩心的基础上，从单井相分析入手，结合地震相和测井相模式，以及大量岩矿、粒度等分析化验资料，对巴音都兰凹陷下白垩统巴彦花群的物源方向、沉积体系、构造岩相带及含油性进行了研究。认为区内具有东、西两大物源区、五大水系控制着十一个砂体的平面展布，最终，划分了扇三角洲等五种沉积体系，总结出具平台型陡坡扇三角洲等六种构造岩相带，并着重对有别于典型单断箕状凹陷的三种构造岩相带的含油性进行了初步探讨。     

有效雨量和滑坡泥石流灾害概率模型

针对我国西北至东南的带状区域,将其划分为6个区划单元:黄土高原西部、秦岭山区、大巴山区、大别山区、罗霄山区和浙闽沿海。通过提取并分析滑坡泥石流灾害发生频次和雨量信息,发现对于任何一个区划单元,并不存在一个临界雨量,诱发地质灾害的有效降水处于一个比较大的区间,对于给定的有效降水,滑坡泥石流灾害只是存在一个发生的可能性。进一步研究了6个区划单元内有效雨量和滑坡泥石流灾害的概率关系。相关系数检验表明了本文计算的降水因子与滑坡泥石流灾害发生的频次服从高斯分布,可以利用密度函数曲线来定量计算有效降水为某一值情况下滑坡泥石流灾害发生的概率。研究还表明我国由西北至东南,诱发滑坡泥石流灾害的雨量值增大,增大的幅度可以通过6个区划单元降水因子与滑坡泥石流灾害高斯分布的参数来定量描述。     

Application of numerical wave-propagation techniques to study local soil effects: The case of Benevento (Italy)

Many of the numerical techniques used for seismic zonation studies treat one-dimensional structural models and/or the incidence of plane polarized body waves. These techniques are often not adequate for laterally heterogeneous structures and for sources that are not located beneath the site of interest. In such cases a more rigorous treatment of the combined effects of the source, the path and the site response is needed. This can be accomplished with a hybrid approach combining modal summation and the finite-difference technique. To demonstrate the differences between these techniques, the ground motion in the city of Benevento (Italy) is modelled. We first compare the results obtained with one-and two-dimensional structural models for vertical incidence of plane polarized body waves. These results are then compared with those obtained with the hybrid approach for two-dimensional structural models.The comparisons have allowed us to find important differences in the response obtained with the different modelling techniques. For the same site, these differences consist of strong variations in amplitude and in the shape of the spectral amplifications. For a seismic source which is not located beneath the site, vertical incidence of waves significantly overestimates the local hazard in a laterally homogeneous structure. For a laterally heterogeneous area, we can conclude that one-dimensional modelling fails to estimate the seismic hazard, whereas for a seismic source which is not located beneath the site of interest, two-dimensional modelling with vertical incidence of plane polarized body waves may not allow reliable estimates to be made of the frequency bands at which amplifications occur. The results obtained for two-dimensional structural models are used for a zonation of the city of Benevento.