The application of size distribution equations to rock breakage by explosives

SummaryThe Application of Size Distribution Equations to Rock Breakage by Explosives Size distribution equations can be used to describe the degree of fragmentation produced by explosive rock breakage. This paper describes the results of small scale blasting experiments and the derivation of equations to relate size distributions to blasting design parameters. The application and relevance of these techniques to large scale blasting operations is also discussed.With 7 Figures     

利用航磁资料研究菏泽震区深部构造

利用航磁资料和三维磁性层反演理论,对菏泽震区的航磁资料进行了数据处理,计算出震区枧磁化强度分布图、基底磁性界面埋深图和居里等温面埋深图。结果显示东濮凹陷基底磁性界面深达12km,下部居里等温面上隆,凹陷内被弱磁性物质填充。地震发生在凹陷附近视磁化强度、基底磁性界面、居里等温面的变异带上。     

基于测井曲线的小波分析识别地层岩性界面——以三江盆地钻孔为例

在砂岩型铀矿地浸工作中,需要精准的识别含铀渗透性地层的岩性界面。传统的地层岩性界面识别一般通过岩心地质观察、实验室分析和综合测井曲线的人工解释等手段,不仅价格高而且周期长。文章以三江盆地ZKQX2钻孔为例,介绍了对三侧向电阻率测井曲线进行连续小波和离散小波变换,绘制小波系数尺度图和高频小波系数曲线图,并综合这两种图件来识别地层岩性界面的方法。将使用该方法识别地层岩性界面的结果与综合岩性柱状图对比,两者具有很好的一致性,表明利用测井曲线的小波分析识别地层岩性界面具有良好的应用效果。     

现浇混凝土-冻土接触面冻结强度直剪试验研究

关于混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究多集中于预制成型混凝土样（块）与冻土接触面的力学试验研究,而与工程实际更为接近的冻土中现浇混凝土、冻结稳定后混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究则少有涉及。基于冻土中现浇混凝土的试验方式,开展了不同水灰比、含冰量及冻土温度条件下,混凝土-冻土复杂接触面冻结强度的直剪试验研究。结果表明：试验条件下,由于混凝土中粗、细骨料导热系数及水化热侵蚀强度不同,冻土中现浇混凝土会导致混凝土-冻土接触面发生起伏变化。受该因素影响,粗糙接触面较光滑接触面的冻结强度增大71.9%。粗糙接触面引起的应力集中,使得剪应力在剪切破坏过程中出现间歇性增大、跳跃。在冻结强度构成中,随接触面粗糙程度的增大, φ值对冻结强度增长的贡献要大于c值。水灰比由0.4增至0.6,混凝土导热系数降低,生成接触面趋于光滑,冻结强度减小;土体含水量由15%增大至30%时,冻结强度增大,含水量继续增大至40%时,冻结强度减小;在不同温度条件下,整体呈现冻土温度降低冻结强度相应增大的趋势。基于上述结果,多年冻土区灌注桩设计时,建议混凝土采用0.4~0.5水灰比。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土力学特征研究

滑带土是滑坡形成过程中形成的一层结构性较差的土体,是滑坡的重要组成部分。其物理力学性质、微观结构与滑坡的形成以及后期运动特征密切相关。黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡是按照滑坡地质成因划分的一种上层黄土、下层泥岩的具有“双层异质”结构的滑坡。此类滑坡由于在滑动中具有缓动低速的特点,往往早期不易被发现,发现时已造成了严重的危害。采用GDS三轴仪对天水地区花南村滑坡、半山村滑坡和咀头村滑坡三个黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的滑带土力学性质进行研究,结合滑带土微观结构特征,分析黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土的力学变化特征及其变形内在机理。研究发现：滑带土中大量存在被黏土颗粒包裹的大颗粒,这些大颗粒在滑带土变形过程中经历错位、滑移等过程后,大颗粒进一步滑移受到黏土质限制,导致黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土在宏观上表现出应变硬化的典型特征。此外,剪切中孔隙水压力无法及时消散也是此类滑坡变形的重要特征之一。应变硬化造成滑带土在滑动中强度未出现残余值而导致滑坡处于持续运动中,能量的释放方式属于缓慢释放型。因此该类滑坡滑动具有缓动低速的特性。     

水位变化条件下海湾水库盐分达标探讨

针对中国北方海湾水库间歇来水、连续取水和沉积物动态释盐的特点,建立水量与盐分耦合的数学模型,以青岛拟建的沐官岛水库为例,探讨水位变化条件下混合型海湾水库库水盐分的影响因素、超标风险与达标条件。模拟结果表明,在水库水位连续降低条件下,毫米量级的日蒸发量对库水盐分的累积效应显著。在不利水文条件下,受沉积物释盐、水分蒸发与人工取水的影响,混合型海湾水库长期存在盐分超标的风险。与水位不变时相反,水位降低时库水盐分浓度随着取水量的增大而升高;因此,当库水盐分存在超标风险时,可以通过减少日取水量实现库水盐分达标。为保障安全供水,在海湾水库设计与运营管理阶段,均需要综合考虑水量-盐分因素进行水库的日取水量调算。     

Sandstone-concrete interface transition zone (ITZ) damage and debonding micromechanisms under freeze-thaw

The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete surface is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in interface damage, debonding and even supporting failure. Understanding the micromechanisms of the damage and debonding of the rock-concrete interface is essential for improving the interface protection.Therefore, the micromorphology, micromechanical properties, and microdebonding evolution of the sandstone-concrete interface transition zone(ITZ) under varying freeze-thaw cycles(0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were studied using scanning electron microscope, stereoscopic microscope, and nano-indentation. Furthermore, the distribution range and evolution process of ITZ affected by freeze-thaw cycles were defined. Major findings of this study are as follows:(1) The microdamage evolution law of the ITZ under increasing freeze-thaw cycles is clarified, and the relationship between the number of cracks in the ITZ and freeze-thaw cycles is established;(2) As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the ITZ's micromechanical strength decreases, and its development width tends to increase;(3) The damage and debonding evolution mechanisms of sandstone-concrete ITZ under freeze-thaw cycles is revealed, and its micromechanical evolution model induced by freeze-thaw cycles is proposed.     

三轴压缩下含夹层盐岩破坏机制

针对三轴压缩试验中含夹层盐岩特殊的破坏形式和机制开展研究。基于夹层单元的受力平衡和界面剪应力的传递机制,建立了夹层径向位移的微分方程,通过求解该微分方程得到了界面剪应力、夹层应力和应变的理论公式,并采用数值模拟验证了应力公式的准确性,进而结合多种破坏准则分析了含夹层盐岩的两种破坏形式及其机制。结果表明：界面剪应力和夹层应力分布不均匀,其最大值一般分别在边缘和中心位置出现;对于试样中夹层纵向劈裂,计算显示夹层存在横向的拉应力或拉应变;在一些试样界面边缘发现了环状白色裂纹,这是由于界面边缘剪应力最大,该处容易发生界面滑移破坏。夹层和界面的破坏会导致含夹层盐岩的密闭性降低,研究成果可在这一方面提供参考。     

Elasto‐plastic modelling of stress‐path‐dependent behaviour of interfaces

A single‐surface elasto‐plastic model developed by Desai and his coworkers is used to predict the behaviour of an interface between sand and a steel plate. The loading in the experiments and in their predictions followed various stress and displacement paths. The results of predictions of the two‐ and three‐dimensional behaviour of the interface under both constant normal stress and constant normal stiffness conditions are presented. The predictions are compared with their corresponding experimental results. The model parameters were determined on the basis of 2‐D conventional experiments under the condition of constant normal stress and they were used in the prediction of the interface behaviour in various stress paths. There is, in general, a good agreement between the predicted and experimental results. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.