基于EVC的PDA和全站仪数据通信

掌上电脑(PDA)是野外测量成图一体化最适宜的硬件平台之一。设计了一个多种型号全站仪通信参数的通用数据存储格式,介绍了一种基于Windows CE操作系统和eMbedded Visual C++3.0开发工具,利用Win-dows CE API函数和多线程技术实现掌上电脑与全站仪的数据通信的方法。该方法弥补了基于ActiveX控件方法的不足,功能丰富,灵活度高,可扩展性和可移植性强。     

全国多级多分辨率控制点图形图像数据库建设与应用

传统方式下的控制资料在数据获取、同名点选取、成果管理与社会化共享等方面均在不同程度上影响着遥感产业化应用的效率和质量。覆盖全国的多级、多分辨率控制点图形图像数据库的建设与应用,将大幅度提高控制资料的管理水平和应用效率。本文首先介绍控制点图形图像数据库的概念;其次按照数据库建设工艺流程分别详细阐述数据源选择标准、控制点采集技术指标、数据库建立与管理模式、数据库应用方法、数据库共享机制等;最后总结控制点数据库建设与应用中存在的问题与展望。     

How to speak for aquifers and people at the same time: Environmental justice and counter-network formation at a hazardous waste site

A common source of conflict at hazardous waste sites in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Superfund program is the accuracy of scientific investigations and representations produced to inform cleanup decisions. Liable firms often produce these technical representations themselves, and communities surrounding sites frequently argue that such “voluntary” investigations are compromised by conflicts of interest. In order to challenge the representations of powerful firms, locally situated actors often develop trans-local connections with expertise and equipment concentrated at distant centers of calculation. Although some interpret the spatial politics of such connecting in terms of “jumping scales,” another important spatial dimension of this network construction is differential positioning. In a conflict over groundwater models at the St. Regis Superfund Site in Minnesota, the counter-network that emerged to challenge the owner’s representations of the site positioned some actors as “outsiders” and others as “insiders.” This differential positioning enabled the counter-network to balance the need to demonstrate the reliability and impartiality of its claims with the requirement to maintain its accountability to local public interests. I argue that these requirements result from the prevalent view of the science-policy interface, which assumes a rigid separation between science and politics. Nonetheless, the conflict over groundwater at St. Regis reveals how at the science-policy interface, speaking for things and speaking for people are thoroughly entangled.     

Numerical analysis of the response of battered piles to inclined pullout loads

This paper presents a three‐dimensional finite element analysis of the response of battered piles to the combined lateral and vertical pullout loads. Analyses are carried out using an elastoplastic constitutive law based on the non‐associated Mohr–Coulomb criterion. The influence of the contact condition at the pile–soil interface is also investigated. Analyses show that the load's inclination with regard to the pile's axis affects both the lateral and axial response of the battered piles. Analyses also show that the pullout capacity of battered piles is affected by the pile's inclination regarding the vertical axis as well as the load's inclination regarding the pile's axis. The investigation of the influence of the contact condition at the soil–pile interface shows that the possibility of sliding at the soil–pile interface affects the response of battered piles subjected to loads with low inclination regarding the pile's axis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the influence of spatial heterogeneity on an internal boundary layer at a short fetch

Surface layer meteorological data collected at a coastal site, at Vasco-Da-Gama (15°21′N, 73°51′E, 58.5m MSL) (13–18 July, 2002) with prevailing southwesterly surface winds are analyzed to study the characteristics of internal boundary layer at a short fetch using an instrumented tower (9 m). The spectral and turbulence characteristics of wind are compared with earlier measurements made at a comparatively homogeneous terrain and the standards available in literature. The study show the smaller eddies in the vertical velocity spectrum attains equilibrium with the underlying surface at a short fetch itself and follows spectral similarity. However, this is not followed by longitudinal and transverse velocity spectra under unstable as well as stable conditions.     

三轴压缩下含夹层盐岩破坏机制

针对三轴压缩试验中含夹层盐岩特殊的破坏形式和机制开展研究。基于夹层单元的受力平衡和界面剪应力的传递机制,建立了夹层径向位移的微分方程,通过求解该微分方程得到了界面剪应力、夹层应力和应变的理论公式,并采用数值模拟验证了应力公式的准确性,进而结合多种破坏准则分析了含夹层盐岩的两种破坏形式及其机制。结果表明：界面剪应力和夹层应力分布不均匀,其最大值一般分别在边缘和中心位置出现;对于试样中夹层纵向劈裂,计算显示夹层存在横向的拉应力或拉应变;在一些试样界面边缘发现了环状白色裂纹,这是由于界面边缘剪应力最大,该处容易发生界面滑移破坏。夹层和界面的破坏会导致含夹层盐岩的密闭性降低,研究成果可在这一方面提供参考。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土力学特征研究

滑带土是滑坡形成过程中形成的一层结构性较差的土体,是滑坡的重要组成部分。其物理力学性质、微观结构与滑坡的形成以及后期运动特征密切相关。黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡是按照滑坡地质成因划分的一种上层黄土、下层泥岩的具有“双层异质”结构的滑坡。此类滑坡由于在滑动中具有缓动低速的特点,往往早期不易被发现,发现时已造成了严重的危害。采用GDS三轴仪对天水地区花南村滑坡、半山村滑坡和咀头村滑坡三个黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的滑带土力学性质进行研究,结合滑带土微观结构特征,分析黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土的力学变化特征及其变形内在机理。研究发现：滑带土中大量存在被黏土颗粒包裹的大颗粒,这些大颗粒在滑带土变形过程中经历错位、滑移等过程后,大颗粒进一步滑移受到黏土质限制,导致黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡滑带土在宏观上表现出应变硬化的典型特征。此外,剪切中孔隙水压力无法及时消散也是此类滑坡变形的重要特征之一。应变硬化造成滑带土在滑动中强度未出现残余值而导致滑坡处于持续运动中,能量的释放方式属于缓慢释放型。因此该类滑坡滑动具有缓动低速的特性。     

水位变化条件下海湾水库盐分达标探讨

针对中国北方海湾水库间歇来水、连续取水和沉积物动态释盐的特点,建立水量与盐分耦合的数学模型,以青岛拟建的沐官岛水库为例,探讨水位变化条件下混合型海湾水库库水盐分的影响因素、超标风险与达标条件。模拟结果表明,在水库水位连续降低条件下,毫米量级的日蒸发量对库水盐分的累积效应显著。在不利水文条件下,受沉积物释盐、水分蒸发与人工取水的影响,混合型海湾水库长期存在盐分超标的风险。与水位不变时相反,水位降低时库水盐分浓度随着取水量的增大而升高;因此,当库水盐分存在超标风险时,可以通过减少日取水量实现库水盐分达标。为保障安全供水,在海湾水库设计与运营管理阶段,均需要综合考虑水量-盐分因素进行水库的日取水量调算。     

现浇混凝土-冻土接触面冻结强度直剪试验研究

关于混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究多集中于预制成型混凝土样（块）与冻土接触面的力学试验研究,而与工程实际更为接近的冻土中现浇混凝土、冻结稳定后混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究则少有涉及。基于冻土中现浇混凝土的试验方式,开展了不同水灰比、含冰量及冻土温度条件下,混凝土-冻土复杂接触面冻结强度的直剪试验研究。结果表明：试验条件下,由于混凝土中粗、细骨料导热系数及水化热侵蚀强度不同,冻土中现浇混凝土会导致混凝土-冻土接触面发生起伏变化。受该因素影响,粗糙接触面较光滑接触面的冻结强度增大71.9%。粗糙接触面引起的应力集中,使得剪应力在剪切破坏过程中出现间歇性增大、跳跃。在冻结强度构成中,随接触面粗糙程度的增大, φ值对冻结强度增长的贡献要大于c值。水灰比由0.4增至0.6,混凝土导热系数降低,生成接触面趋于光滑,冻结强度减小;土体含水量由15%增大至30%时,冻结强度增大,含水量继续增大至40%时,冻结强度减小;在不同温度条件下,整体呈现冻土温度降低冻结强度相应增大的趋势。基于上述结果,多年冻土区灌注桩设计时,建议混凝土采用0.4~0.5水灰比。     

回眸环境质量地球化学前期研究——纪念涂光炽先生九十华诞

1973年涂光炽先生预言:"七十年代环境科学和生命科学将异军突起"、"环境科学与地球化学的相互渗透,产生了新的边缘分支学科——环境地球化学"。近40年来,环境质量的地球化学研究经历了调查评价—区域综合—界面机理三个发展阶段,在典型区域环境演化及环境—生态效应方面取得了重要进展,并将在21世纪为人类谋求更多的福利。