冻土/岩的液相吸力与固相冰压作用机制

为研究冻土/岩内液相吸力和固相冰压在冻结过程中的作用机制,首先根据热力学基本原理,统一了不同边界条件下的理论冰压方程;然后,联立广义Clapeyron方程和Gibbs-Thomson方程,在阐释液相吸力和固相冰压物理意义基础上,给出了弯曲界面液相水的冻结温度方程;最后,将冻结温度方程引入冻结毛细管模型,将液相吸力方程代入达西定律,分别对固相冰压和液相吸力作用机制进行验证。研究表明：（1）平衡状态下的理论冰压仅与温度线性相关,与边界条件无关;（2）液相吸力来源于理论吸力与固相冰压抵消因子之差,为水分迁移统一驱动力,当固相冰压趋近于理论冰压时,液相吸力趋近于0;(3)固相冰压为绝对压力,可抵消液相吸力,而液相吸力为相对吸力,不可抵消固相冰压;（4）孔隙内的总压力仅为固相冰压,在毛细管冻结时,可达到平衡状态下的理论冰压,故遵循冰压法分凝冰形成机制。研究结果揭示了冻土/岩的液相吸力与固相冰压作用机制,对完善现有冻胀理论具有较高的理论价值和科学意义。     

穿越不同密实度饱和砂土地层的盾构隧道地震响应三维数值分析

地震液化对隧道结构有重大威胁,且位于不同抗液化能力地层交界处的盾构隧道段更易发生严重的地震破坏。采用三维数值方法研究穿越不同密实度状态饱和砂土地层的盾构隧道的地震响应规律。饱和砂土用一种描述不同密实度砂土液化行为的边界面模型进行模拟,首先通过隧道液化上浮的振动台试验结果验证该本构模型的合理性。其次,应用多自由度连接弹簧表征管片环间相互作用,采用文献中的拼装管片的逐级加载试验结果验证该方法的可行性。最后,建立穿越两种不同密实度饱和砂土地层的盾构隧道三维数值模型,研究相对密实度、输入加速度峰值和交界面倾角对砂土地层-盾构隧道系统动力响应的影响。结果表明,可液化地层中隧道结构位移模式是水平地震激励下产生的水平位移与由于液化上浮效应产生的竖向位移的耦合作用,加之隧道在不同土层中变形存在差异,从而导致隧道呈现扭转的变形形态。在靠近交界面处,隧道整体上浮量急剧变化且该处结构上浮量随着交界面倾角增大而增大,同时管片结构弯矩出现突变,接头螺栓的环间剪切和拉伸位移也显著增加。分析结果进一步印证地震作用下盾构隧道在不同性质饱和砂土地层交界面处更易破坏,在设计阶段应予以重点关注。     

Significant duration predictive models developed from strong-motion data of thrust-faulting earthquakes recorded in Mexico City

Predictive models for estimating strong-motion duration in sites characterized by soft-soil profiles are presented in this paper. The models were developed using a strong-motion database that includes observations from subduction interface earthquakes that occurred from 1989 to 2020 and recorded in Mexico City, which is located at source-to-site distances up to 600 km. A linear mixed-effects regression model, which is a statistical fitting procedure that allows to consider the correlation structure of grouped data, was used to develop the predictive models. Relative significant duration was selected to measure strong-motion duration. This measure can be directly associated with the accumulation of energy of the ground movement. The proposed predictive models relate relative significant duration with moment magnitude, either hypocentral distance or closest distance to the rupture plane, and dominant period of the soil. Regression analyses were performed grouping the ground-motion data by both seismic event and site class. Model assumptions, such as homoscedasticity, normality, and linearity of effects, were verified from residual analyses. From the results, the expected value of the natural logarithm of relative significant duration was found to be ～1.2 times greater for an earthquake with a moment magnitude equal to 8.0 than for one of 6.0. An insightful discussion about the sources and character of the uncertainties detected in the proposed predictive models is also presented in this study. The predictive models proposed in this paper are of valuable application in seismic and structural engineering because they allow to circumscribe properly the dimension and randomness of strong-motion duration.     

地面塌陷分布式光纤感测模型试验研究

突发性地面塌陷对城市安全构成巨大威胁,掌握塌陷土体变形过程对地面塌陷事故的预测预报至关重要。基于分布式光频域反射（optical frequency domain reflectometry,简称 OFDR ）和粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry,简称 PIV）技术,开展了地面塌陷模型试验,研究了塌陷过程中土体沉降的时空分布规律,并探究了不同应变感测光缆锚固方式对光纤监测结果的影响。结果表明：光纤应变监测曲线准确地反映了不同塌陷阶段上覆土体的变形状态,揭示了土体内部应变的演化机制;在光缆上设置圆片锚板,可以有效增强光缆与土体界面的耦合变形程度;在一定的埋置深度下,随着锚板尺寸的增大,光缆与土体间的变形协调性越好。研究结果显示,分布式应变传感技术在地面塌陷变形监测中具有较好的适用性,为该类地质灾害的早期识别提供了一种有力的工具。     

基于三维数字图像相关技术钙质砂颗粒运动行为试验研究

桩基附近土颗粒的运动行为与宏观力学表现密切相关,对揭示界面剪切机制具有重要意义。利用自主研制的大型直剪仪,结合三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）全场位移测量分析系统,开展了钢−钙质砂界面循环剪切试验,研究了界面附近砂颗粒的运动行为演化规律。结果表明：界面峰值剪切应力和发挥的界面摩擦角随循环次数的增大而增加,体变特性以剪缩为主;钙质砂颗粒左右移动的幅度与距界面的垂直距离成反比,钙质砂颗粒的位置随循环次数的增大逐渐向正剪切方向移动,试验结束时上剪切盒左侧区域的钙质砂颗粒向正剪切方向移动的距离最大;钙质砂颗粒在单个循环内出现有规律的上下移动,向下移动的幅值更大,位于上层的钙质砂颗粒向下移动的位移值大于下层;钙质砂颗粒的运动速度在沿单方向剪切时,呈现出慢−快−慢的变化规律,位于上剪切盒右侧区域的钙质砂的体变特性较左侧区域更显著;网格位移值和缺失数量随循环次数的增大而增加,在试验后期趋于稳定,试验结束时的破碎带厚度为 6.21 mm。     

Nonlinear elastic analysis of shallow footings subjected to eccentric inclined loads

In this study, the behaviour of shallow foundations subjected to eccentric inclined loads is presented using nonlinear elastic finite element analysis. The material non-linearity of the soil has been taken into consideration by employing the hyperbolic stress-strain model. The formulation of an isoparametric interface/joint element which is used between footing base and soil media has been presented. Tests have been conducted to determine the characteristics of soil-footing interface. Forty cases of strip footing resting on sand and subjected to eccentric-inclined load which were studied by Agrawal (1986) through model tests, have been analysed. The predicted pressure-settlement, pressure-horizontal displacement and pressure-tilt characteristics have been compared with experimental results of Agrawal (1986) and a reasonable agreement between the two has been observed.     

井眼轨迹计算及可视化研究现状

对现有的井眼轨迹计算方法进行对比分析,得出圆柱螺线法和最小曲率法计算精度较高,具有较好适用性。通过总结井眼轨迹可视化研究相关算法及可视化软件发展现状认为,可视化研究趋于普遍适用性、功能多元性和更加智能性方向发展。同时,对利用方位伽马测井曲线识别储层界面方法进行探索性研究。     

The Deep Structure Feature of the Sichuan Basin and Adjacent Orogens

The basin-mountain system in the Sichuan Basin(SCB) reflects the main tectonic activity and the orogenic denudation in this region. The seismic probing work reveals the deep structure of the basin-mountain system. The seismic work was re-sampled to the Moho depth and the sedimentary thickness as well as the P-wave velocity-depth function to analyze the deep structure of the SCB and adjacent orogens. The results show two deposit centers in the SCB: the Deyang area in the west and the Nanchuan area in the east and depression uplift exists in the southwestern part of the SCB; the Moho shallowers gradually from the west to east(ca. 62-36 km deep),the South-North seismic belt(SNSB) is very distinctive: the Moho depth is much shallower( 50 km)to the east of the SNSB, whereas it is much deeper(50 km)to the west of the SNSB, suggesting that the SNSB rather than the Longmen Shan tectonic belt is a main Moho transition belt; the topography and the top interface of the basement have the same undulation trend when the sedimentary thickness and the Moho depth have a mirror relationship; the low velocity zone developed in the Kangdian thrust and fold belt and Songpan-Garzê belt implied a soft, weak and thick crust there showing tectonic activity in these areas.     

导航电子地图主动表达模型研究

目前,导航电子地图"千人一面"的服务模式不能满足用户追求个性的时代特点。文中从用户因素和时空环境两方面对导航电子地图内容主动表达的影响因子进行深入研究,建立导航电子地图主动表达模型。与传统表达模式相比,主动表达模式关注特定时空环境下用户的个性和偏好,对有不同的认知特征和不同导航任务的用户在不同环境下采取不同的表达策略,服务质量有所提高。     

丝绸之路经济带的地理空间认知框架研究

针对现有的丝绸之路经济带研究主要集中在人文角度的描述、统计和分析,缺少形象的空间思维手段和对经济带战略全局的整体把控的现状,该文在分析丝绸之路经济带地理特点的基础上,提出了丝绸之路经济带地理空间认知框架,认为丝绸之路经济带的地理空间认知是从概念空间、数据空间到信息空间、知识空间,最后形成智慧空间的认知深化过程,并重点研究了专家认知和用户认知两个关键环节。在此框架下,该文结合丝绸之路经济带的地理特点和测绘地理信息行业的技术现状从地理概念、地理数据、专家认知和用户认知四个方面分析了丝绸之路经济带的主要认知内容。研究表明,用户地理空间认知的深化程度依赖于前期的专家认知成果,专家在认知过程中必须时刻围绕用户的地理空间认知需求,专家认知和用户认知是地理空间认知有机统一的两个核心环节,不可割裂或偏废;直观的地理概念、准确的地理数据、丰富的专家经验和便捷的分析工具是科学认知丝绸之路经济带的技术保障,可以为区域经济合作战略的实施提供更多的地理智慧。