Planning the Next Generation of Regional Atlases: Input From Educators

Abstract

The regional atlas is an important educational resource that needs to be updated on a periodic basis to remain current and valuable. Contemporary advances in digital cartography and digital information dissemination are offering opportunities to rethink the traditional hard-bound paper atlas when working towards a new edition. It is argued in this paper that innovative atlas work ought not be undertaken without market research, including user consultation. This paper presents the results of a user survey conducted in British Columbia, Canada, to solicit educators' attitudes towards regional atlas content and design, including educators' reactions to digital atlases. Where appropriate, results are compared to a previously conducted user survey of the general public and other interest groups including grade 10 high school pupils. We learned that high school teachers in British Columbia are not ready for a digital atlas unless it also is published in paper format. Any digital initiative must also be hardware independent. We learned further that teachers emphasize simplicity and that they value high quality and up-to-date information presented in a clear and concise manner.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of interface friction of a bounding structure on shear deformation in a granular soil

Recently, the shear behavior of a cohesionless granular strip that is in contact with a very rough surface of a moving bounding structure has been numerically investigated by several authors by using a micropolar hypoplastic continuum model. It was shown that the micropolar boundary conditions assumed along the interface have a strong influence on the deformations within the granular layer. In previous investigations, only interface friction angles for very rough bounding structures were assumed. In contrast, the focus of the present paper is on the influence of the interface roughness on the deformation behavior of the granular strip when the interface friction angle is lower than the peak friction angle of the granular material. In addition to the interface friction angle, particular attention is also paid to the influence of the mean grain diameter, the solid hardness, the initial void ratio, and the vertical stress on the maximum horizontal shear displacement within the granular layer before sliding is started. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Particle‐scale effects on global axial and torsional interface shear behavior

An extensive literature on the shear behavior of continuum–particulate interfaces has been developed during the last four decades. However, relatively limited work regarding the behavior of interfaces under different loading conditions has been published. This paper presents a discrete element modeling study, along with comparisons from experimental data, of interface behavior under axial and torsional drained loading conditions. Detailed studies allow for links between micro‐scale particle behavior and observed global response to be developed and for the latter to be evaluated in light of particle–particle and particle–continuum interactions. The results of this study indicate that axial and torsional interface shear induce inherently different loading conditions, as shown by the different failure envelopes, stress paths, and induced soil volume changes and deformations. Furthermore, the results presented in this paper indicate that particle‐level mechanisms, such as particle rotations and contact slippage, play different roles in axial and torsional shear. Coordination number, polar histograms, particle displacements, particle rotations, and local void ratio measurements provide further insights into the fabric evolution, loading conditions, and failure mechanisms induced by these two shear modes. This study expands the current understanding of interface behavior and discusses potential improvements to geotechnical systems that leverage the characteristics of different imposed loading conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于激光跟踪仪三维控制网严密平差与软件实现

利用激光跟踪仪三维测量数据,结合光束法三维严密平差模型,采用同伦微分算法进行MATLAB接口技术编程。并运用BEPCII储存环激光跟踪仪测量数据进行程序试算,得出较好的平差值以及相关有意义的结论。     

Assessing social-ecological coupling: Agriculture and hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico

Analysis and enhancement of “coupling” of social-ecological systems (SES) has emerged as a leading theme in sustainability studies. However, as an analytical concept that can support empirical research, coupling has not been adequately developed. This study synthesizes concepts from environmental sociology and ecological sciences to derive three criteria to assess adaptive coupling of an SES: prevention orientation, spatial targeting and temporal targeting. We apply our criteria to the case of nitrogen pollution from agriculture in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) and resulting hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. We analyzed the federal agricultural research and development portfolio to assess the character of investments in knowledge creation and how patterns of investment have changed over time. While superficial assessment of the data suggests that public spending on nitrogen relevant research constitutes a substantive response to the problem of Gulf hypoxia, disaggregating the data highlights an ineffectual response. Specifically, we find that spatial and temporal targeting of investment of socioeconomic resources in the MRB is poorly aligned with the nature of ecological risks confronting the region. In addition to this policy relevant result, our study highlights the importance of geographically referenced data and attention to relevant scales of analysis. Further, the paper demonstrates opportunities to advance concepts and empirical understanding of social-ecological coupling through interdisciplinary research on interfaces that mediate interactions in SES, for example publicly funded research aimed at agricultural practice and environmental conservation in the MRB.     

利用用户事件模型的网络地图服务策略

针对Web地图服务存在的并发用户数量受限、响应时间过长、静态瓦片地图服务更新困难、难以满足用户高时效性要求等问题,提出了一种基于用户事件模型的网络地图服务策略,通过网络节点用户的访问状态来启动特定级别地图的渲染过程,并结合服务器端和客户端缓存策略来改善用户体验。实验结果表明,该策略有效地缩短了地图服务的响应时间。     

银川基准地震台记录地核界面波特征初探

对2004-2009年银川地震台数字地震仪记录的数字观测波形资料进行震相分析,总结震中距30°-50°范围内地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的震相特征.结果表明,在30°-50°范围内,银川地震台对于地震频发的印度尼西亚震区地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的记录最为清晰,此结论有助于台站工作...     

生物膜作用下沉积物-水界面溶液中pH和磷含量变化

采集城市排污水渠中的沉积物样品和底栖生物样品,应用微电极原位pH测量技术测量沉积物-水界面溶液的pH值,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定沉积物提取液中上覆水和空隙水中生物可利用磷的含量,研究了沉积物表面的生物膜对城市河流沉积物-水界面微环境中pH值和磷含量的影响。研究表明沉积物表面的生物膜由藻类(蓝藻门颤藻属Oscillatoria和硅藻门的菱形藻Nitzschia)和微生物组成,由于藻类的光合作用和微生物作用,沉积物空隙水中的溶解氧和CO2发生变化,因而改变了界面附近的pH值、氧化还原电位等物理化学条件,同时改变了界面附近溶液中磷的浓度和浓度梯度。在生物膜作用下,剖面中空隙水的pH和pH变化梯度、磷的浓度和浓度梯度高于非生物作用条件下。磷在生物藻垫的空隙水中高度富集。在生物膜存在情况下,在空隙水中形成了与非生物作用下相反的pH值和磷浓度的耦合关系。无生物作用的沉积物空隙水中pH越偏离中性,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加;在生物膜作用下,pH由弱酸性向中性变化时,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加。依据界面附近pH值和磷的变化规律,可以将沉积物-水界面附近的生物作用分为生物膜的固定作用区和攫取作用区。     

滇东南地区斗南沉积型锰矿床矿物相变化及沉积模式

斗南锰矿是滇东南地区大型的沉积型锰矿床,对其沉积成因的研究可反映滇东南地区沉积型锰矿床的成矿模式。笔者对采自斗南锰矿床的条带状锰矿石样品,进行了系统的锰矿石物相分析和红外光谱分析。通过对锰矿石中锰矿类型与氧化还原界面关系的探讨,提出了由海平面变化引起的氧化还原界面波动所控制的沉积型锰矿的成矿模式。     

瑞雷波法在建筑高边坡勘察中的应用

结合一项边坡工程实例,将瑞雷波技术应用到人工填方建筑高边坡勘察工程中,探测出边坡区基岩面埋深、风化层厚度及坡面起伏形态等,并在“重点坡段”关键位置布置钻孔,对原始坡面埋深进行了校核。结果表明,探察结果与钻探结果具有很好一致性,充分展现了瑞雷波勘探技术在建筑高边坡勘察中的可行性和有效性。