中国老挝跨境生物多样性保护区的林地变化(英文)

This paper analyzed forest land use change in Trans-Boundary Laos-China Biodiversity Conservation Area which is called Namha National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (Namha NBCAs), with 1992 and 2002 TM (ETM). Based on GIS and statistical methods, the intensity, state index of land use change and transfer matrix were used to study spatiotemporal land use change in the region. The results showed that the area of forest land decreased greatly, also the area of bamboo and grassland decreased. The other way round, the area of unstocked forest, slash and burn and rice paddy land increased. As a whole, the intensity of forest land change was higher, but others were lower. From the transfer matrix, most of the forest land changed into unstocked forest and urban area, some to slash and burn. The grassland and bamboo were mainly transferred to forest and unstocked forest. The unstocked forest land mostly came from forest land and grassland. It was showed there were three main causes of the land use change namely: opium poppy cultivation, rubber plantation and also ecotourism activities and finally some policies were developed in order to address the land use change in the study areas.     

橡胶座非线性弹性拉伸特性的理论和试验研究

本文系统地研究分析了橡胶隔震支座(简称橡胶座)拉伸相关的基础理论,提出了原点拉伸纵弹性模量、拉伸刚度因子、原点拉伸刚度、偏拉原点刚度等基本概念,还提出了计算橡胶座非线性段拉伸刚度的双刚度和原点拉伸刚度应力应变模型等理论。基于原点拉伸刚度和偏拉原点刚度,提出了预测橡胶座的拉伸变形量计算理论。针对新提出的基本概念和计算理论采用低弹性天然橡胶和铅芯橡胶座原型试件进行了试验研究工作,结果表明本文建立的计算理论能够较理想地定量分析橡胶座拉伸相关的刚度和变形特性。     

隔震橡胶垫极限性能足尺试验结果与评价

针对隔震建筑中使用的天然橡胶类叠层橡胶垫、高阻尼叠层橡胶垫和铅芯叠层橡胶垫,调查了日本叠层橡胶垫制造公司持有的极限性能足尺试验结果,并对这三类叠层橡胶垫进行了新的足尺极限性能试验.调查与试验结果表明,ISO标准采用的叠层橡胶垫极限性能预测公式是合理可行的.     

Expansion dynamics of deciduous rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna,China during 2000–2010

Monoculture rubber plantations have been replacing tropical rain forests substantially in Southern China and Southeast Asia over the past several decades, which have affected human wellbeing and ecosystem services. However, to the best of our knowledge on the extent of rubber plantation expansion and their stand ages is limited. We tracked the spatiotemporal dynamics of deciduous rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, the second largest natural rubber production region in China, from 2000 to 2010 using time-series data from the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), Landsat, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We found that rubber plantations have been expanding across a gradient from the low-elevation plains to the high elevation mountains. The areas of deciduous rubber plantations with stand ages ≤5, 6–10, and ≥11-year old were ~1.2 × 10⁵ ha, ~0.8 × 10⁵ ha, and ~2.9 × 10⁵ ha, respectively. Older rubber plantations were mainly located in low-elevation and species-rich regions (500–900 m) and younger rubber trees were distributed in areas of relative high-elevation with fragile ecosystems. Economic and market factors have driven the expansion of rubber plantations, which is not only a threat to biodiversity and environmental sustainability, but also a trigger for climatic disasters. This study illustrates that the integration of microwave, optical, and thermal data is an effective method for mapping deciduous rubber plantations in tropical mountainous regions and determining their stand ages. Our results demonstrate the spatiotemporal pattern of rubber expansions over the first decade of this century.     

近断层脉冲型地震动作用下隔震结构地震反应分析

隔震结构在远震场地减震效果良好，但是近断层地震动的明显的长周期速度和位移脉冲运动可能对隔震建筑等长周期结构的抗震性能和设计带来不利影响，需要深入探讨。本文首先讨论近断层地震动的长周期脉冲运动特征，然后以台湾集集地震8条典型近震记录和其它4条常用近震记录以及4条远震记录作为地震动输入，对两幢安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行非线性地震反应时程分析，通过比较探讨了算例计算结果，定量说明隔震结构的近震脉冲效应显著，是隔震设计不容忽视的问题。     

高层分段隔震结构的动力响应分析

本文提出了一种基于叠层橡胶支座的大高宽比高层建筑分段隔震结构形式,并对同一高层建筑结构分别采用基础隔震、层间隔震和分段隔震三种不同形式时进行了数值模拟对比分析。结果表明,采用分段隔震形式可明显减小高层建筑结构的顶层侧向位移、中间隔震层的相对位移和下支柱端应力,使结构的侧向位移集中于两个隔震层上,耗散了大部分地震输入能量,保障了与隔震层相连的构件的安全性,防止了由于支座受拉或剪压破坏导致上部结构倾覆倒塌现象的发生。     

顶驱车载钻机空气潜孔锤钻进用低压防喷装置的研制

在空气潜孔锤钻进时,孔口安装防喷装置可将高速返出的粉尘或泥浆导离孔口,防止喷向工作台而污染孔口工作环境。综合考虑ZMK5530TZJ60型车载钻机孔口工作台结构特点、配套的斜坡钻杆外形特征、钻进工艺特点以及装卸操作环境等因素,设计了一款适用于顶驱车载钻机的空气潜孔锤钻进用低压防喷装置。该低压防喷装置具有结构简单、安装方便;通过胶芯与钻具之间的过盈实现孔口密封,密封胶芯补偿量大,可密封外径变化较大的斜坡钻杆;可在加接钻杆时更换密封胶芯;设置了2个导流口,上返流体在此压降变化小,有利于排渣的通畅等优点。现场试验表明,该低压防喷装置能够有效密封粉尘泄漏、明显改善孔口施工环境,达到了设计的目的。     

高渗压小水力梯度岩石渗透性测试

对低渗透岩石的渗透性测试一般采用瞬时压力脉冲法,但该方法不能真实模拟野外高孔隙水压力、小水力梯度的现场实际条件,而且试验存在较大误差。为此开发研制了一套新型高压渗透仪,在渗透出水端安装了管路过滤器、调速阀两种器械元件,可手动任意调控流量大小,而流量大小采用精确测量渗出水体积变化量表示。试验只要保证进水端水压不变,当调控的水流量与试样的渗流量达到平衡时,则会在出水端形成一个稳定的水压值。该套试验设备不但可对圆柱体试样进行渗透性、力学特性测试,而且还可以对方柱体试样进行渗透性测试,实现了对岩石实际所处应力、高孔隙水压力环境的真实模拟。实测检验理论技术可行,达到了满意的试验效果。     

高温磨粒条件下氟橡胶圈摩擦磨损机理研究

井下高温和磨粒是影响密封件密封失效的常见原因,了解高温条件下的弹性体在磨粒环境中的磨损机理对提高井下密封件寿命有着重要意义。对氟橡胶进行不同高温处理后,开展橡胶的摩擦磨损实验研究,分析在磨粒条件下橡胶的磨损情况和摩擦磨损机理。实验结果表明,随着橡胶加热温度的升高,摩擦系数曲线平衡所需的时间逐渐减少。未高温处理的橡胶表面的磨损形式以犁沟为主。100 ℃时橡胶的磨损表面受到高温的影响而发生改变,犁沟减少。200 ℃时氟橡胶圈表面以凹坑为主,并且磨损最严重。304不锈钢表面的磨损随着橡胶的加热温度的改变而变化,磨损面中心区域的磨损形式由犁沟向凹坑转变,而磨损面的内侧由凹坑向犁沟转变。     

Experimental Investigations on Laminated Rubber Bearings

Increasing application of base isolation as a seismic protection method has subsequently increased its analytical and experimental studies. Being the most critical part of the base isolated buildings, accurate evaluation of structural properties and precise modeling of isolation devices is of utmost importance in predicting the response of the buildings during the earthquakes. This technical note is concerned with experimental study on laminated rubber bearings. Free vibration and harmonic base excitation tests are performed on a three-storey building model to evaluate the properties of the structure, efficiency of the system, and effect of base excitations. It is found that these experimental methods can effectively be used for this purpose.