Internal erosion of chemically reinforced granular materials: a mathematical modeling approach

Internal erosion (IE) affects the stability of natural and reinforced materials by causing instability within their granular structure. The dislodgement and transport of eroded particles affect both the particulate concentration of eroding fluid and the pore network of eroded material. In this study, we examined these modifications using a transport model with a finite element code. First, IE tests on chemically reinforced sand columns were performed to obtain information about eroded material loss of mass, particulate concentration of effluent, porosity and permeability modifications, and existing IE stages. Second, based on experimental results, a mathematical one‐dimensional model has been formulated to monitor the evolution and spatial distribution of erodible solids, fluidized particles, porosity, permeability, and seepage stresses. The model consists of a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations solved in sequence. It provides valuable information about the extent and the dynamics of structural changes, which can be used to estimate an IE time for the hydraulic work to reach failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市北山泥石流分布规律及形成过程

北京北山泥石流的分布受构造控制，呈北东方向展布。其分布在时间上和空间上均有一定的规律可寻。一条泥石流沟谷的形成从开始到结束，概括分为形成、位移和堆积。区内泥石流的形成主要有三种形式：以水力侵蚀为主，以坡面侵蚀为主和以沟源崩、滑塌形式触发沟床物质活动而形成的泥石流。     

单柱离子色谱测定二氧化锰产品中无机阴离子杂质

采用了单柱离子色谱法测ＭｎＯ２产品中无机离子杂质；提出了消除干扰的可行途径，将Ｌａ（ＯＨ）３加入后能同时消除进样峰的干扰和溶剂峰的出现。选用１．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ邻苯二甲酸１．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ三羟甲基氨基甲烷为混合淋洗剂测定Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，ＮＯ３＾和ＳＯ＾２－４，其标准加入回收率为９５％－１０５％；ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝７）为２．４７％－８．０８％。     

Identification and occurrence of novel C36–C54 3,4-dialkylthiophenes with an unusual carbon skeleton in immature sediments

A series of novel long-chain 3,4-dialkylthiophenes (C₃₆–C₅₄) was identified in a number of sediments ranging from Pleistocene to Cretaceous. The identifications were based on mass spectral characterisation, desulphurisation and mass spectral data of synthesised model compounds. These organic sulphur compounds are probably formed by sulphur incorporation into mid-chain dimethylalkadienes with two methylenic double bonds. These putative precursor lipids are unprecedented and may be considered rather unusual. The distribution of 3,4-dialkylthiophenes in sediments varies considerably with the depositional palaeoenvironment, indicating that these compounds have a potential as molecular markers reflecting changes in palaeoenvironment.     

A structural synthesis of the Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield in Egypt

Detailed structural geological and related studies were carried out in a number of critical areas in the Proterozoic basement of eastern Egypt to resolve the structural pattern at a regional scale and to assess the general characteristics of tectonic evolution, orogeny and terrane boundaries. Following a brief account of the tectonostratigraphy and timing of the orogenic evolution, the major structural characteristics of the critical areas are presented. Collisional deformation of the terranes ended about 615-600 Ma ago. Subsequent extensional collapse probably occurred within a relatively narrow time span of about 20 Ma (575 – 595 Ma ago) over the Eastern Desert and was followed by a further period of about 50 Ma of late to post-tectonic activity. The regional structures originated mainly during post-collisional events, starting with those related to extensional collapse (molasse basin formation, normal faulting, generation of metamorphic core complexes). Subsequent NNW-SSE shortening is documented by large-scale thrusting (towards the NNW) and folding, distributed over the Eastern Desert, although with variable intensity. Thrusts are overprinted by transpression, which was localized to particular shear zones. Early transpression produced, for example, the Allaqi shear zone and final transpression is documented in the Najd and Wadi Kharit-Wadi Hodein zones. Two terrane boundaries can be defined, the Allaqi and South Hafafit Sutures, which are apparently linked by the high angle sinistral strike-slip Wadi Kharit-Wadi Hodein shear zone with a tectonic transport of about 300 km towards the W/NW. In general, the tectonic evolution shows that extensional collapse is not necessarily the final stage of orogeny, but may be followed by further compressional and transpressional tectonism. The late Pan-African high angle faults were reactivated during Red Sea tectonics both as Riedel shears and normal faults, where they were oriented favourably with respect to the actual stress regime.     

造山后伸展构造研究的最新进展

本文综合介绍和比较分析了全球范围内不同时期造山带中的伸展构造样式；地壳尺度的拆离带或低角度正断层的性质、几何学和运动学；拆离带下盘变质核杂岩的抬升机理及其中各种韧性组构的成因和发展演变；后造山伸展塌陷过程中的岩浆活动和热演化；伸展平行褶皱的成因和构造几何学；后造山伸展盆地的形成过程；造山带地球物理剖面解释和岩石圈动力学；后造山伸展构造的物理和数字模拟等方面，当前开展的主要研究内容、研究方法和趋势。     

Time effects on dynamic soil properties under random excitation conditions

Two types of clayey soils, a kaolinite and a bentonite, were tested using a resonant column apparatus under random excitation conditions. The concept of root mean square (rms) strain was utilized for the purpose of strain calculations during random loading. The conventional estimator of the transfer function was used for random vibration analysis. The effect of confinement duration (at a constant pressure) on dynamic soil properties, namely damping and shear modulus, was evaluated. The results indicate that for both cohesive soils, the effect of time was less pronounced during random vibration than sinusoidal loading at the same rms strain. This effect is however more pronounced when the peak shearing strain of sinusoidal loading is considered. Furthermore, time effects were more pronounced at low strain levels than at high strain levels.     

耗能-隔震柔性底层钢管混凝土-钢筋混凝土组合框架的实验研究

本文用钢管混凝土柱作为结构底层耗能柱、用承重墙和隔震器控制结构底层倒塌破坏,从而提出了一种新的耗能-隔震柔性底层结构体系。通过本文12根钢管混凝土柱和文献[7]中7根钢管混凝土柱的低周疲劳实验,初步确定了钢管混凝土柱地震损伤模型的参数;通过两个钢管混凝土-钢筋混凝土三层框架模型和一个纯钢筋混凝土三层框架模型的拟动力实验,研究和比较了两类结构体系的地震损伤。     

Lake-ice collapse trenches in Wisconsin,U.S.A.

A series of trenches about a metre deep, 20 to 30 m wide, and as much as 2 km in length occurs in central Wisconsin, along the east shore of proglacial Lake Wisconsin. They are interpreted to be collapse trenches formed when shore ice melted after being buried beneath an expanding outwash plain.     

钢筋混凝土建筑抗倒塌设计

建筑抗倒塌问题近年来在欧美国家得到广泛关注，并颁布了相关的设计规范和标准。我国还没有制定有关建筑抗倒塌方面的规范和标准。本文提出一种基于建筑危险性的钢筋混凝土建筑抗倒塌设计方法。该方法将钢筋混凝土建筑分为四类，通过设置拉杆连接系统和Alternate Path设计提高建筑抗倒塌能力。